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首页> 外文期刊>American journal of physics >SURFACE CHARGES ON CIRCUIT WIRES AND RESISTORS PLAY THREE ROLES
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SURFACE CHARGES ON CIRCUIT WIRES AND RESISTORS PLAY THREE ROLES

机译：电路线和电阻上的表面电荷起三个作用

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摘要

The significance of the surface electric charge densities associated with current-carrying circuits is often not appreciated. In general, the conductors of a current-carrying circuit must have nonuniform surface charge densities on them (1) to maintain the potential around the circuit, (2) to provide the electric field in the space outside the conductors, and (3) to assure the confined flow of current. The surface charges and associated electric field can vary greatly, depending on the location and orientation of other parts of the circuit. We illustrate these ideas with a circuit consisting of a resistor and a battery connected by wires and other conductors, in a geometry that permits solution with a Fourier-Bessel series, while giving flexibility in choice of wire and resistor sizes and location of the battery. Plots of the Poynting vector graphically demonstrate energy flow from the battery to the resistive elements. For a resistor with a large resistance, the potentials and surface charge densities around the current-carrying circuit are nearly the same as for the open circuit with the resistor removed. For such resistors, the capacitance of a resistor and its adjacent elements, defined in terms of the surface and interface charges present while current flows, is roughly the same as the capacitance of the adjacent elements of the open circuit alone. The discussion is in terms of time-independent currents and voltages, but applies also to low-frequency ac circuits. (C) 1996 American Association of Physics Teachers. [References: 33]
机译：通常不了解与载流电路相关的表面电荷密度的重要性。通常，载流电路的导体上必须具有不均匀的表面电荷密度（1）保持电路周围的电势;（2）在导体外部的空间中提供电场;以及（3）确保电流受限。表面电荷和相关的电场可能会变化很大，这取决于电路其他部分的位置和方向。我们用由电阻器和电池组成的电路来说明这些想法，该电路由电线和其他导体连接，其几何形状允许使用傅里叶-贝塞尔系列进行求解，同时可以灵活地选择电线和电阻器的尺寸以及电池的位置。 Poynting向量的图形以图形方式显示了从电池到电阻性元件的能量流。对于具有大电阻的电阻器，载流电路周围的电势和表面电荷密度与移除电阻器后的开路几乎相同。对于这样的电阻器，根据电流流动时存在的表面电荷和界面电荷来定义的电阻器及其相邻元件的电容与单独开路的相邻元件的电容大致相同。讨论的是与时间无关的电流和电压，但也适用于低频交流电路。 （C）1996年美国物理教师协会。 [参考：33]

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