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首页> 外文期刊>American Zoologist >Evidence that the central pattern generator for swimming in Tritonia arose from a non-rhythmic neuromodulatory arousal system: Implications for the evolution of specialized Behavior
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Evidence that the central pattern generator for swimming in Tritonia arose from a non-rhythmic neuromodulatory arousal system: Implications for the evolution of specialized Behavior

机译：特里托尼亚游泳的中央模式发生器起因于非节律性神经调节唤醒系统的证据：对专门行为演变的影响

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Comparisons of the nervous systems of closely related invertebrate species show that identified neurons tend to be highly conserved even though the behaviors in which they participate vary. All opisthobranch molluscs examined have a similar set of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons located medially in the cerebral ganglion. In a small number of species, these neurons have been physiologically and morphologically identified. In the nudibranch, Tritonia diomedea, three of the neurons (the dorsal swim interneurons, DSIs) have been shown to be members of the central pattern generator (CPG) underlying dorsal/ventral swimming. The DSIs act as intrinsic neuromodulators, altering cellular and synaptic properties within the swim CPG circuit. Putative homologues of the DSIs have been identified in a number of other opisthobranchs. In the notaspid, Pleurobranchaea californica, the apparent DSI homologues (As1-3) play a similar role in the escape swim and they also have widespread actions on other systems such as feeding and ciliary locomotion. In the gymnosomatid, Clione limacina, the presumed homologous neurons (Cr-SP) are not part of the swimming pattern generator, which is located in the pedal ganglia, but act as extrinsic modulators, responding to noxious stimuli and increasing the frequency of the swim motor program. Putative homologous neurons are also present in non-swimming species such as the anaspid, Aplysia californica, where at least one of the cerebral serotonergic neurons, CC3 (CB-1), evokes neuromodulatory actions in response to noxious stimuli. Thus, the CPG circuit in Tritonia appears to have evolved froth the interconnections of neurons that are common to other opisthobranchs where they participate in arousal to noxious stimuli but are not rhythmically active.
机译：对密切相关的无脊椎动物物种的神经系统的比较表明，即使识别出的神经元参与的行为有所不同，它们也倾向于高度保守。所检查的所有阿斯匹丘脑软体动物都有一组类似的血清素免疫反应神经元，位于神经节的中间。在少数物种中，这些神经元已在生理和形态上得到鉴定。在裸udi科的Tritonia diomedea中，三个神经元（背游中间神经元，DSI）已被证明是背侧/腹侧游泳的中央模式发生器（CPG）的成员。 DSI充当内在的神经调节剂，改变游泳CPG回路内的细胞和突触特性。 DSI的推定同源物已在许多其他鱼鳞分支中得到鉴定。在notaspid的Pleurobranchaea californica中，表观的DSI同源物（As1-3）在逃逸游泳中起着相似的作用，并且它们还对其他系统（如进食和睫状运动）起着广泛的作用。在裸子植物Clione limacina中，假定的同源神经元（Cr-SP）不是位于踏板神经节中的游泳模式产生器的一部分，而是充当外在调节剂，对有害刺激做出响应并增加了游泳的频率电机程序。假定的同源神经元也存在于非游泳物种中，例如，无脊椎动物，加利福尼亚州的Aplysia californica，其中至少一种脑血清素能神经元CC3（CB-1）引起对有害刺激的神经调节作用。因此，特里通尼亚的CPG回路似乎已经演化出了神经元的相互连接，而这些神经元的相互连接是其他鸦片分支的，它们参与刺激有害刺激，但没有节律性。

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