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The behavioral ecology of intermittent locomotion

机译：间歇运动的行为生态学

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Most physiological and ecological approaches to animal locomotion are based on steady state assumptions, yet movements of many animals are interspersed with pauses lasting from milliseconds to minutes. Thus, pauses, along with changes in the duration and speed of moves, form part of a dynamic system of intermittent locomotion by which animals adjust their locomotor behavior to changing circumstances. Intermittent locomotion occurs in a wide array of organisms from protozoans to mammals. It is found in aerial, aquatic and terrestrial locomotion and in many behavioral contexts including search and pursuit of prey, mate search, escape from predators, habitat assessment and general travel. In our survey, animals exhibiting intermittent locomotion paused on average nearly 50% of their locomotion time (range 6-94%). Although intermittent locomotion is usually expected to increase energetic costs as a result of additional expenditure for acceleration and deceleration, a variety of energetic benefits can arise when forward movement continues during pauses. Endurance also can be improved by partial recovery from fatigue during pauses. Perceptual benefits can arise because pauses Increase the capacity or the sensory systems to detect relevant stimuli. Several processes, including velocity blur, relative motion detection, foveation, attention and interference between sensory systems are probably involved. In animals that do not pause, alternative mechanisms for stabilizing the perceptual field are often present. Because movement is an important cue for stimulus detection, pauses can also reduce unwanted detection by an organism's predators or prey. Several models have attempted to integrate energetic and perceptual processes, but many challenges remain. Future advances will require improved quantification of the effects of speed on perception.
机译：大多数动物运动的生理和生态方法都是基于稳态假设，但是许多动物的运动都散布着从毫秒到几分钟的停顿。因此，停顿以及运动的持续时间和速度的变化，构成了间歇运动的动态系统的一部分，通过这种间歇性运动，动物可以根据变化的环境调节其运动行为。间歇运动发生在从原生动物到哺乳动物的多种生物中。它在空中，水上和陆地运动中以及在许多行为环境中都可以找到，包括搜寻和追捕猎物，寻找伴侣，逃避掠食者，栖息地评估和一般旅行。在我们的调查中，表现出间歇性运动的动物平均会暂停其运动时间的近50％（范围为6-94％）。尽管通常预计间歇运动会由于加速和减速的额外支出而增加能量消耗，但是当在暂停过程中继续向前运动时，会产生各种能量消耗。耐力还可以通过在暂停时从疲劳中部分恢复来改善。由于停顿，可能会产生感官上的好处增加检测能力或感觉系统检测相关刺激的能力。可能涉及多个过程，包括速度模糊，相对运动检测，偏心，注意力和感觉系统之间的干扰。在不停顿的动物中，通常存在稳定知觉场的替代机制。因为运动是刺激检测的重要提示，所以停顿还可以减少生物体的捕食者或猎物进行的有害检测。几种模型试图整合能量和感知过程，但是仍然存在许多挑战。未来的进步将需要对速度对感知的影响进行量化。

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