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Osmoregulation in plants: Implications for agriculture

机译：植物渗透调节作用：对农业的意义

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Drought and salinity stress are the major causes of historic and modern agricultural productivity losses throughout the world. Both drought and salinity result in osmotic stress that may lead to inhibition of growth. Salinity causes additional ion toxicity effects mainly through perturbations in protein and membrane structure. In contrast to animals, which rely on Na+/K+-ATPases for the expulsion of osmotica, plants rely on plasma membrane and endosomal ATPase activities to generate proton gradients to drive ion extrusion and intracellular sequestration. Consequently, most angiosperms, including all major crop species, have a diminished capacity for Na+ transport and tolerance to high salinity. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of Na+/K+ discrimination, Na+ extrusion and compartmentation, water transport, and osmolyte biosynthesis and function have led to genetically engineered plants with improved salt, drought, and cold tolerance. A deeper understanding of the complex signal transduction and regulatory responses to osmotic stress promises novel strategies for improving salinity and drought tolerance that will be of practical benefit to agriculture.
机译：干旱和盐碱胁迫是全世界历史和现代农业生产力下降的主要原因。干旱和盐分都会导致渗透胁迫，从而导致生长受到抑制。盐度主要通过蛋白质和膜结构的扰动引起额外的离子毒性作用。与依靠Na + / K + -ATPase驱逐动物的动物相反，植物依靠质膜和内体ATPase的活性来产生质子梯度来驱动离子挤出和细胞内螯合。因此，大多数被子植物，包括所有主要农作物种类，对Na +的运输能力和对高盐分的耐受性均下降。对Na + / K +鉴别，Na +挤出和分隔，水运输以及渗透压生物合成和功能的分子机制的新见解导致了基因工程植物具有更好的盐分，干旱和耐寒性。对复杂信号转导和对渗透胁迫的调节反应的更深入了解，有望提出提高盐度和干旱耐受性的新策略，这将对农业产生实际益处。

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