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首页> 外文期刊>Animal Welfare >Four types of activities that affect animals: implications for animal welfare science and animal ethics philosophy.
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Four types of activities that affect animals: implications for animal welfare science and animal ethics philosophy.

机译：影响动物的四种类型的活动：对动物福利科学和动物伦理哲学的影响。

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People affect animals through four broad types of activity: (1) people keep companion, farm, laboratory and captive wild animals, often while using them for some purpose; (2) people cause deliberate harm to animals through activities such as slaughter, pest control, hunting, and toxicology testing; (3) people cause direct but unintended harm to animals through crop production, transportation, night-time lighting, and many other human activities; and (4) people harm animals indirectly by disturbing ecological systems and the processes of nature, for example by destroying habitat, introducing foreign species, and causing pollution and climate change. Each type of activity affects vast numbers of animals and raises different scientific and ethical challenges. In Type 1 activities (keeping animals), the challenge is to improve care, sometimes by finding options that benefit both people and animals. In Type 2 activities (deliberate harm), the challenge is to avoid compounding intentional harms with additional, unintended harms, such as animal suffering. For Type 3 and 4 activities, the challenges are to understand the unintended and indirect harms that people cause, to motivate people to recognise and avoid such harms, and to find less harmful ways of achieving human goals. With Type 4 activities, this may involve recognising commonalities between animal welfare, conservation and human well-being. Animal welfare science and animal ethics philosophy have traditionally focused on Type 1 and 2 activities. These fields need to include Type 3 and 4 activities, especially as they increase with human population growth.
机译：人们通过四种广泛的活动影响动物：（1）人们经常出于某种目的而使用伴侣，农场，实验室和圈养的野生动物; （2）人们通过屠宰，害虫防治，狩猎和毒理学检测等活动对动物造成故意伤害; （3）人们通过作物生产，运输，夜间照明和许多其他人类活动对动物造成直接但无意的伤害; （4）人们通过破坏生态系统和自然过程间接破坏动物，例如破坏栖息地，引入外来物种并造成污染和气候变化。每种活动都会影响大量动物，并带来不同的科学和伦理挑战。在第1类活动（饲养动物）中，挑战在于改善护理，有时是通过寻找对人类和动物都有益的选择。在第2类活动（故意伤害）中，挑战在于避免将故意伤害与其他意外伤害（例如动物痛苦）混在一起。对于第3类和第4类活动，挑战在于了解人们造成的意料之外的间接伤害，激励人们认识并避免此类伤害，并找到实现人类目标的危害较小的方法。在第4类活动中，这可能涉及承认动物福利，保护和人类福祉之间的共性。传统上，动物福利科学和动物伦理哲学关注类型1和类型2的活动。这些领域需要包括3类和4类活动，尤其是随着人口增长而增加。

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