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首页> 外文期刊>Agricultural Systems >Combining a typology and a conceptual model of cropping system to explore the diversity of relationships between ecosystem services: the case of erosion control in coffee-based agroforestry systems in Costa Rica.
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Combining a typology and a conceptual model of cropping system to explore the diversity of relationships between ecosystem services: the case of erosion control in coffee-based agroforestry systems in Costa Rica.

机译：结合种植系统的类型学和概念模型，探索生态系统服务之间关系的多样性：哥斯达黎加基于咖啡的农林业系统中的侵蚀控制案例。

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With increasing pressure on farmers to improve the performance of their cropping systems, there is a growing need to design cropping systems that respond concurrently to environmental, agronomic and socioeconomic constraints. However, the trade-offs between ecosystem services, including provisioning services, can vary considerably from plot to plot. Using a typology of agricultural practices to adapt a conceptual model of the cropping system can provide an instrument to support the design of cropping systems that take into account the diversity of environmental and socioeconomic conditions and trade-offs within a study site. This method was tested to design coffee-based agroforestry systems mitigating soil erosion in central Costa Rica, a case study with a high-value crop in a complex relationship to its biophysical environment. A generic plot-scale conceptual model representing the effect of agricultural practices and environmental factors was designed, with erosion reduction, coffee production and gross margin as the outputs. Quantitative data on agricultural practices and costs were then collected over two years on a sample of plots in an 18 km2 watershed upstream of a hydroelectric dam. A typology of these plots was built based on agricultural management practices; the resulting groups were further characterized by socioeconomic and environmental variables. The critical variables from each group of plots were used to adapt the conceptual model to the groups from the typology. The four groups found were (1) low-intensity management; (2) intensive management; (3) shaded agroecosystem, and (4) intensive agrochemical management. The conceptual model helped analyze the key processes and trade-offs for each group and helped make recommendations of adapted erosion control practices. The model showed that for some groups, less time-consuming erosion control actions not impacting coffee production might be more suitable, such as drainage canals, terraces, and vegetative barriers. In contrast, other groups had better socioeconomic or environmental conditions that opened the possibility of using shade trees or manual weed control (as opposed to herbicide use) to control erosion.
机译：随着农民改善耕作系统性能的压力越来越大，越来越需要设计能够同时响应环境，农艺和社会经济因素的耕作系统。但是，生态系统服务（包括供应服务）之间的权衡可能因地而异。使用农业实践类型来适应种植系统的概念模型，可以提供一种工具来支持设计种植系统，并考虑到环境和社会经济条件的多样性以及研究地点内的取舍。该方法经过测试，可以设计出可减轻哥斯达黎加中部土壤侵蚀的基于咖啡的农林业系统，该案例研究涉及高价值作物及其生物物理环境的复杂关系。设计了一个代表农业实践和环境因素影响的通用样地比例概念模型，以减少侵蚀，咖啡产量和毛利率为输出。然后，在水电大坝上游18 km 2 流域的一块样地上，在两年的时间内收集了有关农业实践和成本的定量数据。这些地块的类型学是根据农业管理实践建立的;结果群体的特征是社会经济和环境变量。每组情节的关键变量用于使概念模型适应类型学中的各组。发现的四个组是（1）低强度管理; （2）集约化管理; （3）遮蔽的农业生态系统，以及（4）集约化农化管理。概念模型有助于分析每个小组的关键过程和权衡取舍，并有助于提出适应性侵蚀控制方法的建议。该模型显示，对于某些群体而言，耗时少且不影响咖啡产量的侵蚀控制措施可能更合适，例如排水渠，梯田和植物屏障。相反，其他群体的社会经济或环境条件更好，这使得可以使用遮荫树或人工控制杂草（与使用除草剂相反）来控制侵蚀。

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