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首页> 外文期刊>Agricultural Systems >Groundwater markets under the water scarcity and declining watertable conditions: the upland Balochistan Region of Pakistan.
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Groundwater markets under the water scarcity and declining watertable conditions: the upland Balochistan Region of Pakistan.

机译：缺水和地下水位下降的地下水市场：巴基斯坦Bal路支高地地区。

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The study documents comprehensive analysis on informal groundwater marketing in upland Balochistan, Pakistan. Informal groundwater markets are emerging as a feasible option to manage increasing water scarcity and declining water tables resulting from poor groundwater policies. Firstly, we evaluated the groundwater trading mechanism; we then examined factors affecting the groundwater trading using empirical data and logit econometric models. We did not observe any permanent groundwater transactions; only temporary groundwater exchange takes place. Two common transactions methods were noted - water in exchange for a given crop share and cash payment at a flat rate per hour. In all, 60% of respondents reported selling water in exchange for a crop share. This form of transaction intensifies as we move from high altitude areas to low altitude areas where water and land are relatively abundant. In general, crop sharing rates were 33% of crop output. Water trading in the form of cash transactions was practiced by 40% of respondents. The charge per hour also varied with altitude, with average prices of Rs. 100, Rs. 112, and Rs. 205 per hour reported at low, medium and high altitudes, respectively. The increase in this form of water marketing as we move from low to high altitude areas is mainly in response to relatively scarce water and land in high altitude areas. The results of empirical models indicates that among others, cropping intensity, area under high value fruits, decline in watertable, tubewell reliability, alternate source of irrigation, and soil quality are important variables influencing water buying and selling decisions. Importantly, personal attributes such as kinships, age, and education were also found to be important factors affecting water buying and selling decisions. In upland Balochistan, the water markets appears to provide a cushion against increasing water scarcity by averting risk to high value horticultural crops and enhancing water use efficiency, as it helps overcome the problem of over irrigation or misuse of water by facilitating the sale of surplus or extra water and more sparing and efficient use of purchased water. It is envisaged that groundwater markets will continue to plays a key role in sustaining high value crops and will continue to make a significant contribution in upland Balochistan.
机译：该研究记录了巴基斯坦Bal路支斯坦高地非正式地下水销售的综合分析。非正式的地下水市场正在成为解决因地下水政策不佳而导致水资源短缺和地下水位下降的可行选择。首先，我们评估了地下水交易机制;然后，我们使用经验数据和logit计量经济学模型研究了影响地下水交易的因素。我们没有观察到任何永久性的地下水交易;仅进行临时的地下水交换。指出了两种常见的交易方法-以水换取给定的农作物份额和以每小时固定的价格支付现金。总共有60％的受访者表示出售水以换取作物的份额。随着我们从高海拔地区向水土资源相对丰富的低海拔地区转移，这种交易形式愈演愈烈。总体而言，农作物共享率占农作物产量的33％。 40％的受访者采用现金交易形式进行水交易。每小时的收费也随海拔高度而变化，平均价格为卢比。 100卢比。 112和卢比。在低空，中空和高空分别报告了每小时205的速度。当我们从低海拔地区转移到高海拔地区时，这种水营销形式的增加主要是为了应对高海拔地区相对稀缺的水和土地。实证模型的结果表明，除其他因素外，种植强度，高价水果面积，地下水位下降，管井可靠性，灌溉的替代来源和土壤质量是影响水买卖决策的重要变量。重要的是，还发现诸如血族，年龄和受教育程度之类的个人属性是影响水买卖决策的重要因素。在Bal路支山地高地，水市场似乎通过缓解高价值园艺作物的风险和提高水利用效率，为缓解日益严重的水短缺提供了缓冲，因为它通过促进剩余水的出售帮助克服了过度灌溉或水滥用的问题。多余的水，更加节俭和有效地使用所购水。可以预见，地下水市场将继续在维持高价值作物方面发挥关键作用，并将继续在Bal路支山地做出重大贡献。

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