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Heterotrimeric G-proteins mediated hormonal responses in plants

机译：异络型G-蛋白介导植物中的荷尔蒙反应

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摘要

Phytohormones not only orchestrate intrinsic developmental programs from germination to senescence but also regulate environmental inputs through complex signalling pathways. Despite building an own signalling network, hormones mutually contribute several signalling systems, which are also essential for plant growth and development, defense, and responses to abiotic stresses. One of such important signalling cascades is G-proteins, which act as critical regulators of a wide range of fundamental cellular processes by transducing receptor signals to the intracellular environment. G proteins are composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, and the molecular switching between active and inactive conformation of G alpha controls the signalling cycle. The active GTP bound G alpha and freed G beta gamma have both independent and tightly coordinated roles in the regulation of effector molecules, thereby modulating multiple responses, including hormonal responses. Therefore, an interplay of hormones with G-proteins fine-tunes multiple biological processes of plants; however, their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Functional characterization of hormone biosynthesis, perception, and signalling components, as well as identification of few effector molecules of G-proteins and their interaction networks, reduces the complexity of the hormonal signalling networks related to G-proteins. In this review, we highlight a valuable insight into the mechanisms of how the G-protein signalling cascades connect with hormonal responses to regulate increased developmental flexibility as well as remarkable plasticity of plants.
机译：植物激素不仅协调从萌发到衰老的内在发育程序，而且通过复杂的信号途径调节环境输入。尽管建立了一个自己的信号网络，但激素相互作用于几个信号系统，这些系统对植物的生长发育、防御和对非生物胁迫的反应也是必不可少的。其中一个重要的信号级联是G蛋白，它通过将受体信号传导到细胞内环境，充当广泛基本细胞过程的关键调节器。G蛋白由α、β和γ亚基组成，Gα的活性和非活性构象之间的分子转换控制着信号传递周期。活性GTP结合的G-α和游离的G-β-γ在效应分子的调节中具有独立和紧密协调的作用，从而调节多种反应，包括激素反应。因此，激素与G蛋白的相互作用可以微调植物的多种生物过程；然而，它们的分子机制在很大程度上尚不清楚。激素生物合成、感知和信号成分的功能表征，以及G蛋白的少数效应分子及其相互作用网络的识别，降低了与G蛋白相关的激素信号网络的复杂性。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了G蛋白信号级联如何与激素反应联系，以调节植物发育灵活性增加和显著可塑性的机制。

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