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首页> 外文期刊>Centaurus: International Magazine of the History of Sciences and Medicine >Technical assistance versus cultural export: George Cressey and the U.S. Cultural Relations Program in wartime China, 1942-1946
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Technical assistance versus cultural export: George Cressey and the U.S. Cultural Relations Program in wartime China, 1942-1946

机译：技术援助与文化出口：乔治克雷西和战时中国的文化关系计划，1942-1946

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摘要

After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the United States and the United Kingdom both set up cultural assistance programs to China in order to aid the fight against Japan in Asia and to shape the postwar world according to their interests. From 1942 to 1946, the United States sent 30 experts in science, technology, medicine, and public health to China. Among them was George Cressey, a geographer of international reputation deeply familiar with the cultural and physical geography of China, who travelled to China as a visiting professor of the Sino-U.S. Cultural Relations Program and a representative of the State Department. However, he was recalled earlier than expected, after only 7 months, because his remarks were thought to be damaging to Sino-U.S. relations. Examining his wartime visit to China within the context of Sino-U.S. relations, this paper uncovers Cressey's diplomatic mission. We illustrate how geography simultaneously became the object of Cressey's research, a tool for the promotion of Sino-U.S. cultural relations, and the theoretical basis for foreign policy proposals. Finally, through a comparison of Cressey's and Joseph Needham's experiences in wartime China, this paper illuminates their different understanding of Chinese culture (including China's society and concept of science and culture), which led to their different approaches to Chinese affairs. It also shows the tension between technical assistance and cultural export in diplomatic relations during wartime. This case demonstrates the expanding role of science and technology in diplomatic agendas and international relations as a new, distinctive feature of science and technology in the 20th century.
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