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Application of femtosecond-pulsed lasers for direct optical manipulation of biological functions (Review)

机译：飞秒脉冲激光在生物功能直接光学处理中的应用（综述）

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Absorption of photon energy by cells or tissue can evoke photothermal, photomechanical, and photochemical effects, depending on the density of the deposited energy. Photochemical effects require a low energy density and can be used for reversible modulation of biological functions. Ultrashort-pulsed lasers have a high intensity due to the short pulse duration, despite its low average energy. Through nonlinear absorption, these lasers can deliver very high peak energy into the submicrometer focus area without causing collateral damage. Absorbed energy delivered by ultrashort-pulsed laser irradiation induces free electrons, which can be readily converted to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and related free radicals in the localized region. Free radicals are best known to induce irreversible biological effects via oxidative modification; however, they have also been proposed to modulate biological functions by releasing calcium ions from intracellular organelles. Calcium can evoke variable biological effects in both excitable and nonexcitable cell types. Controlled stimulation by ultrashort laser pulses generate intracellular calcium waves that can modulate many biological functions, such as cardiomyocyte beat rate, muscle contractility, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. This article presents optical methods that are useful therapeutic and research tools in the biomedical field and discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for biological modulation by ultrashort-pulsed lasers, especially femtosecond-pulsed lasers.
机译：细胞或组织吸收光子能量会引起光热，光机械和光化学效应，具体取决于沉积能量的密度。光化学效应需要低能量密度，可用于生物功能的可逆调节。尽管平均能量较低，但由于脉冲持续时间短，超短脉冲激光器仍具有较高的强度。通过非线性吸收，这些激光器可以将非常高的峰值能量传递到亚微米聚焦区域，而不会造成附带损害。超短脉冲激光辐照传递的吸收能量会感应出自由电子，这些电子很容易在局部区域转化为活性氧（ROS）和相关的自由基。自由基最著名的是通过氧化修饰诱导不可逆的生物学效应。然而，还提出了通过从细胞内细胞器释放钙离子来调节生物学功能的方法。钙可以在兴奋性和非兴奋性细胞类型中引起不同的生物学效应。超短激光脉冲控制的刺激会产生细胞内钙波，该钙波可调节许多生物学功能，例如心肌细胞搏动率，肌肉收缩力和血脑屏障（BBB）渗透性。本文介绍了光学方法，这些方法是生物医学领域中有用的治疗和研究工具，并讨论了可能导致超短脉冲激光（尤其是飞秒脉冲激光）进行生物调制的机制。

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