Article One (pp. 267–281) Commonly used “noise thermometers” often display data that underestimate true peak levels of firearm noise are based on measurements from commonly available instrumentation (commercial sound level meters and dosimeters) that “saturate” or “clip” at approximately 150 dB can provide misleading information that may cause an underestimation of auditory risk of firearm noise should be updated to reflect true peak levels of firearm noise as measured at the shooter's ear all of the above Who of the following may be at risk for auditory damage from firearm noise? The shooter A bystander standing 1 meter to the left of the shooter Sports officials using starter pistols Athletes and spectators near officials who are firing starter pistols All of the above Although there are no mandated impulse noise limits imposed on recreational firearm shooters, the World Health Organization recommends peak sound pressure levels not exceeding 100 dB for adults and 110 dB for youth 120 dB for adults and 120 dB for youth 140 dB for adults and 120 dB for youth 160 dB for adults and 100 dB for youth 150 dB for adults with no recommendation for youth Which of the following increases the risk of damage to the auditory system? The use of muzzle brakes (ports) The number of shots fired Shooting in an enclosed (reverberant) environment The use of high-velocity (supersonic) ammunition All of the above A firearm suppressor will consistently reduce the peak sound pressure level (SPL) values to below hazardous levels will negate the need for the use of hearing protection will reduce the peak SPL values of firearm noise, but the levels may still be hazardous to hearing may also be called “silencers,” because they completely silence the impulse noise from a firearm will reduce the SPL of supersonic ammunition to below 100 dB Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the attenuation provided by specialized hearing protectors (electronic, small-orifice, filtered) designed for shooting sports? Specialized hearing protectors provide audibility of low-level environmental sounds while attenuating high-level impulse signals. The electronics are designed to be fast enough to attenuate the peak impulse noise signal. The labeled Noise Reduction Rating may underestimate the actual attenuation provided by the device for impulse noise signals. The fit of the electronic hearing protector is unimportant. All of the above are accurate. class="b" style="">Article Two (pp. 282–297) The authors suggest that to increase effectiveness, hearing health messages should focus on decreasing personal listening device (PLD) listening volume only decreasing PLD listening duration only stopping the use of PLDs decreasing listening volume and/or durations based on listening activities and individual usage patterns limiting PLD use to 2 hours per day In the current study, listening durations and volumes showed an association with age: listening durations decreased with age and younger users listened at higher volumes than those age 50 and over age: listening durations increased with age and younger users listened at lower volumes than those age 50 and over sex: males listened for longer durations and at higher volumes sex: females listened for longer durations and at higher volumes B and C This study showed that all PLD users are at high risk of hearing damage PLD users are safe from hearing damage as long as they do not participate in other noisy activities only young PLD users are at risk of hearing damage approximately 15% of PLD users are at risk for hearing damage from their PLD listening habits alone approximately 50% of PLD users are at risk for hearing damage from their PLD listening habits alone Compared with the low-risk group, the
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