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Chronic Kidney Disease

机译：慢性肾病

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Approximately one in seven people are estimated to have chronic kidney disease (CKD), but most are unaware they have this condition. Prevalence of CKD increases with age, from 7% of people aged 18 to 44 years to 38% of those aged 65 years or older. Nationally, it is the eighth leading cause of death. A healthy kidney’s function is to remove wastes and toxins from the body, as well as to stimulate red blood cell production, control blood pressure, maintain proper bone health, and regulate essential blood chemicals. CKD is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged and do not filter properly. Due to this diminished kidney function, fluid and waste from the blood remains in the body and can lead to detrimental health problems. Definition and Classification Practice guidelines published by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) organization and the National Kidney Foundation define CKD as abnormalities of kidney structure or function that have been present for at least 3 months with negative implications for a patient’s health. Abnormalities of kidney structure, or kidney damage, are defined by one or more of the following: albuminuria, urine-sediment abnormalities, electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorders, abnormalities detected by histology, structural abnormalities detected by imaging, and history of kidney trans plantation. The rate at which blood is filtered by the glomeruli, or glomerular filtration rate (GFR), is considered to be the best indicator of kidney function; it is generally reduced after widespread structural damage, and most other kidney functions tend to decline in parallel. A GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 has been defined as the diagnostic threshold to indicate CKD. Most laboratories now report estimated GFR (eGFR) based on filtration markers, most commonly creatinine.
机译：据估计，大约七分之一的人患有慢性肾病（CKD），但大多数人不知道自己患有这种疾病。CKD的患病率随着年龄的增长而增加，从18至44岁人群的7%增加到65岁或以上人群的38%。在全国范围内，它是第八大死因。健康肾脏的功能是清除体内废物和毒素，刺激红细胞生成，控制血压，保持骨骼健康，调节血液中的基本化学物质。CKD是一种肾脏受损且不能正常过滤的疾病。由于肾功能减弱，血液中的液体和废物留在体内，可能导致有害的健康问题。肾脏疾病的定义和分类实践指南：改善全球结果（KDIGO）组织和国家肾脏基金会将CKD定义为至少3个月的肾结构或功能异常，对患者的健康具有负面影响。肾结构异常或肾损害由以下一项或多项定义：蛋白尿、尿沉渣异常、电解质和其他由肾小管疾病引起的异常、组织学检查发现的异常、影像学检查发现的结构异常以及肾脏移植史。肾小球滤过血液的速率或肾小球滤过率（GFR）被认为是肾功能的最佳指标；在广泛的结构性损伤后，肾功能通常会降低，大多数其他肾功能也会同时下降。GFR小于60 mL/min/1.73 m2被定义为CKD的诊断阈值。大多数实验室现在报告基于过滤标记物（最常见的是肌酐）的估计GFR（eGFR）。

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