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Great apes infer others' goals based on context

机译：大猩猩根据背景推断其他人的目标

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In previous studies claiming to demonstrate that great apes understand the goals of others, the apes could potentially have been using subtle behavioral cues present during the test to succeed. In the current studies, we ruled out the use of such cues by making the behavior of the experimenter identical in the test phase of both the experimental and control conditions; the only difference was the preceding “context.” In the first study, apes interpreted a human’s ambiguous action as having the underlying goal of opening a box, or not, based on that human’s previous actions with similar boxes. In the second study, chimpanzees learned that when a human stood up she was going to go get food for them, but when a novel, unexpected event happened, they changed their expectation—presumably based on their understanding that this new event led the human to change her goal. These studies suggest that great apes do not need concurrent behavioral cues to infer others’ goals, but can do so from a variety of different types of cues—even cues displaced in time.
机译：在以前的研究声称要证明大猿能够理解他人的目标时，这些猿可能已经利用了测试过程中存在的微妙的行为线索来取得成功。在当前的研究中，我们通过使实验者在实验条件和控制条件的测试阶段的行为完全相同来排除使用此类线索的可能性。唯一的区别是前面的“上下文”。在第一项研究中，猿类将人类的模棱两可的行为解释为具有打开或不打开盒子的潜在目标，这是基于该人以前使用类似盒子的行为。在第二项研究中，黑猩猩了解到，当一个人站起来时，她会去为他们买食物;但是，当发生一次新的意外事件时，他们改变了期望-大概是基于他们对这一新事件导致人类的理解的理解。改变她的目标。这些研究表明，大猩猩不需要并发的行为线索就能推断出他人的目标，但是可以通过多种不同类型的线索来做到这一点，甚至是随时间推移而变化的线索。

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