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GIS, Internal Colonialism, and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs

机译：GIS，内部殖民主义和美国印第安事务局

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摘要

This article contains the first comprehensive empirical account of the history of geographic information systems (GIS) development within the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), an account founded in part on a previously unused source of archival data. It also demonstrates the importance of linking a standard technical and institutional history of GIS with a topic neglected in most such histories, the history of the resource application crucial to GIS deployment. The main finding is that across four decades of effort, the BIA's pursuit of GIS is better understood as an effort to perpetuate its internal colonial agenda and its own bureaucratic existence during an era of rapid technological upheaval rather than as a trustee's effort to better manage resources for the greater good of American Indians. The BIA's quest involves various time-honored colonial practices: creating new forms of dependence, imposing complex bureaucratic procedures, misusing funds, distributing free commodities, developing obligatory points of control, and outsourcing both management and labor to a private sector with long experience exploiting Indian resource economies. We conclude that rather than revolutionizing institutions and setting them on new trajectories toward self-improvement as some have suggested, GIS development is often merely a part of a broader and historically consistent pattern of policymaking and behavior.
机译：本文包含美国印第安人事务局（BIA）内部地理信息系统（GIS）发展历史的第一个综合实证帐户，该帐户的一部分建立在先前未使用的档案数据源的基础上。它还展示了将GIS的标准技术和机构历史与大多数此类历史中被忽略的主题（对于GIS部署至关重要的资源应用历史）联系起来的重要性。主要发现是，经过四十年的努力，BIA对GIS的追求被更好地理解为是在技术迅速动荡的时代延续其内部殖民议程和官僚主义存在的努力，而不是被托管人更好地管理资源的努力。为了美洲印第安人的更大利益。 BIA的追求涉及各种历史悠久的殖民做法：创造新的依赖形式，施加复杂的官僚程序，滥用资金，分配免费商品，建立强制性控制点，以及将管理和劳务外包给具有长期剥削印度经验的私营部门资源经济。我们得出的结论是，GIS开发并没有像某些人所建议的那样对机构进行革新并使其朝着自我完善的新轨迹发展，而是通常只是决策和行为的更广泛且历史上一致的模式的一部分。

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