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首页> 外文期刊>Annual review of cell and developmental biology >Enzymes, embryos, and ancestors.
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Enzymes, embryos, and ancestors.

机译：酶，胚胎和祖先。

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In the 1950s, cellular regulatory mechanisms were newly recognized; with Arthur Pardee I investigated the initial enzyme of pyrimidine biosynthesis, which he discovered is controlled by feedback inhibition. The protein proved unusual in having separate but interacting sites for substrates and regulators. Howard Schachman and I dissociated the protein into different subunits, one binding regulators and one substrates. The enzyme became an early prime example of allostery. In developmental biology I studied the egg of the frog, Xenopus laevis, characterizing early processes of axis formation. My excellent students and I described cortical rotation, a 30° movement of the egg's cortex over tracks of parallel microtubules anchored to the underlying cytoplasmic core, and we perturbed it to alter Spemann's organizer and effect spectacular phenotypes. The entire sequence of events has been elucidated by others at the molecular level, making Xenopus a prime example of vertebrate axis formation. Marc Kirschner, Christopher Lowe, and I then compared hemichordate (half-chordate) and chordate early development. Despite anatomical-physiological differences, these groups share numerous steps of axis formation, ones that were probably already in use in their pre-Cambrian ancestor. I've thoroughly enjoyed exploring these areas during a 50-year period of great advances in biological sciences by the worldwide research community.
机译：在1950年代，细胞调节机制得到了新的认识。我和亚瑟·帕迪（Arthur Pardee）研究了嘧啶生物合成的初始酶，他发现该酶受反馈抑制作用的控制。事实证明，这种蛋白质具有不同的底物和调节剂相互作用位点，但并不常见。 Howard Schachman和我将蛋白质分解为不同的亚基，一种结合调节剂和一种底物。该酶成为变构的早期主要例子。在发育生物学中，我研究了青蛙的卵（Xenopus laevis），表征了轴形成的早期过程。我和我的优秀学生都描述了皮层旋转，即卵皮层在锚定在下面的细胞质核心上的平行微管轨迹上移动了30°，我们对其进行了扰动以改变Spemann的组织者并影响壮观的表型。其他事件在分子水平上已经阐明了事件的整个序列，这使非洲爪蟾成为脊椎动物轴形成的主要例子。 Marc Kirschner，Christopher Lowe和我随后比较了半hor酸盐（半ch酸盐）和r酸盐的早期发育。尽管在解剖生理方面存在差异，但这些组共享许多轴形成步骤，这些步骤可能已在其前寒武纪祖先中使用过。在过去的50年中，全球研究界在生物学领域取得了长足的进步，我一直非常喜欢探索这些领域。

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