Social Structures and Social Relations - An Archaeological and Anthropological Examination of three Early Medieval Separate Burial Sites in Bavaria

Andrea Czermak; Anja Ledderose; Nadja Strott; Thomas Meier; Gisela Grupe

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Social Structures and Social Relations - An Archaeological and Anthropological Examination of three Early Medieval Separate Burial Sites in Bavaria

机译：社会结构和社会关系-巴伐利亚三个中世纪独立墓地的考古学和人类学考察

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As part of an interdisciplinary cooperation, three early medieval separated burial sites from central Bavaria were subjected to archaeological and anthropological examinations. Separated burial sites are probably an expression of social stratification. This paper focuses on two characteristic aspects of these separated burial sites: 1. structure of the site, and 2. biological manifestation of a social upper class. The separated burial grounds Etting/Sandfeld (31 individuals), GroBmehring (44 individuals) and Kelheim (43 individuals), all located in southern Bavaria, were analyzed. Sex and age at death of all individuals were determined, and dietary behaviour was reconstructed by means of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in bone collagen. Local conditions such as climate, soil conditions or the intensity of agriculture can provoke significant variations in plant 8l5N-values, which could lead to a shift of the baseline values of the corresponding trophic web. To facilitate the comparison of isotopic data from different sites, 815N values of cattle bones were taken as a reference for the human data (presuming the diet to consumer chain). The results of dietary reconstruction indicate that the populations enjoyed very good living conditions with a primarily animal protein-based diet. Furthermore, the isotope analysis revealed more detailed indications for certain individuals regarding their social status. Some individuals can even be appointed as possible chiefs of the population, since anthropological and archaeological interpretations were in total agreement: It was possible to identify persons of a higher social status based on the structure of the burial site, grave goods and the isotopic analysis.

机译：作为跨学科合作的一部分，对巴伐利亚州中部的三个早期中世纪分开的墓地进行了考古和人类学检查。分开的墓地可能是社会分层的一种表现。本文着重研究这些分开的墓地的两个特征：1.墓地的结构; 2.社会上层阶级的生物学表现。分析了分别位于巴伐利亚南部的分开的墓地Etting / Sandfeld（31个人），GroBmehring（44个人）和Kelheim（43个人）。确定了所有个体的性别和死亡年龄，并通过骨胶原中的碳和氮同位素比重建了饮食行为。气候，土壤条件或农业强度等当地条件可能会导致植物8lN值发生显着变化，这可能导致相应营养网的基线值发生变化。为了便于比较来自不同地点的同位素数据，牛骨的815N值被用作人类数据的参考（假定饮食到消费者链）。饮食重建的结果表明，以动物蛋白为主的饮食使人们享有非常好的生活条件。此外，同位素分析揭示了某些个体关于其社会地位的更详细的指示。由于人类学和考古学的解释完全一致，有些人甚至可以被任命为人口的主要负责人：可以根据墓地的结构，墓葬品和同位素分析来确定具有较高社会地位的人。

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《Anthropologischer Anzeiger》 |2006年第3期|共14页
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Andrea Czermak; Anja Ledderose; Nadja Strott; Thomas Meier; Gisela Grupe;
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正文语种 eng
中图分类动物学;
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Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes; separated burial sites; social status; early medieval;

机译：稳定的碳氮同位素;埋葬地点分开;社会地位;中世纪早期;

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1. Social Structures and Social Relations - An Archaeological and Anthropological Examination of three Early Medieval Separate Burial Sites in Bavaria [J] . Andrea Czermak, Anja Ledderose, Nadja Strott, Anthropologischer Anzeiger . 2006,第3期

机译：社会结构和社会关系-巴伐利亚三个中世纪独立墓地的考古学和人类学考察
2. A Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Burials on the Site of St Mary Spital: Excavations at Spitalfields Market, London El, 1991-2007, B. Connell, A.G. Jones, R. Redfern, D. Walker. Museum of London Archaeology Monograph Series 60, MOLA, London (2012). 303 pp., Hardback, ISBN: 978-1-907586-11-8 [J] . Jo Buckberry International journal of paleopathology . 2015,第Null期

机译：圣玛丽·斯皮塔尔遗址上的中世纪墓葬生物考古学研究：《斯皮塔菲尔德市场上的发掘》，伦敦El，1991-2007年，B。康内尔，A.G。琼斯，R。雷德芬，D。沃克。伦敦考古博物馆专着系列60，伦敦市政厅，伦敦（2012年）。 303页。，精装本，ISBN：978-1-907586-11-8
3. A foetal tile from an archaeological site: anthropological investigation of human remains recovered in a medieval cemetery in Northern Italy [J] . Marta Licata, Chiara Rossetti, Adelaide Tosi, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine . 2018,第7a12期

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4. Anthropology, archaeology, and the social study of technology: an overview [C] . Geselowitz, M.N. . 1999

机译：人类学，考古学和技术的社会研究：概述
5. Social archaeology, social relations and archaeological materials: Social power as depicted in the wall art in the Tombs of the Pharaoh's tomb-builders, Deir el-Medina, Egypt, XVIII-XX dynasties [D] . Newman, Kimberly Ann. 1997

机译：社会考古学，社会关系和考古材料：埃及法老王朝麦地那法老王的造墓者墓中壁画中所描绘的社会力量
6. Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology DNA isotopes and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries [O] . Karl-Göran Sjögren, Iñigo Olalde, Sophie Carver, 2020

机译：铜时代欧洲的亲属和社会组织。两个钟声烧杯墓碑的考古DNA同位素和人类学的跨学科分析
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

Social Structures and Social Relations - An Archaeological and Anthropological Examination of three Early Medieval Separate Burial Sites in Bavaria

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