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首页> 外文期刊>American Journal of Space Science >A BRIEF TOUR INTO THE HISTORY OF GRAVITY: FROM DEMOCRITUS TO EINSTEIN
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A BRIEF TOUR INTO THE HISTORY OF GRAVITY: FROM DEMOCRITUS TO EINSTEIN

机译：重力史简览：从民主到爱因斯坦

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摘要

The History of Gravity encompasses many different versions of the idea of the Gravitational interaction, which starts already from the Presocratic Atomists, continues to the doctrines of the Platonic and Neoplatonic School and of the Aristotelian School, passes through the works of John Philoponus and John Bouridan and reaches the visions of Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. Then, the major breakthrough in the Theory of Motion and the Theory of Gravity takes place within the realm of Isaac Newton’s most famous Principia and of the work of Gottfried Leibniz, continues with the contributions of the Postnewtonians, such as Leonhard Euler, reaches the epoch of its modern formulation by Ernst Mach and other Giants of Physics and Philosophy of this epoch, enriches its structure within the work of Henry Poincare and finally culminates within the work of Albert Einstein, with the formulation of the Theory of Special Relativity and of General Relativity at the begin of the 20th century. The evolution of the Theory of General Relativity still continues up to our times, is rich in forms it takes and full of ideas of theoretical strength. Many fundamental concepts of the Epistemology and the History of Physics appear in the study of the Theory of Gravity, such as the notions of Space, of Time, of Motion, of Mass, in its Inertial, Active Gravitational and Passive Gravitational form, of the Inertial system of reference, of the Force, of the Field, of the Riemannian Geometry and of the Field Equations. These primary fundamental theoretical and structural notions appearing each time in the corresponding Theories of Gravity and within the various Paradigms of the Gravitational interaction. We shall refer briefly to the History of Gravity, mentioning only a few landmarks or great personalities which shaped these fundamental physical and epistemological notions.
机译：引力史包含引力相互作用思想的许多不同版本，这已从前苏格拉底原子论者开始，延续到柏拉图和新柏拉图学派和亚里士多德学派的学说，并贯穿了约翰·费洛蓬努斯和约翰·博里丹的著作并达到了约翰内斯·开普勒和伽利略·伽利莱的愿景。然后，运动理论和重力理论的重大突破发生在艾萨克·牛顿最著名的《原理》和戈特弗里德·莱布尼兹著作的领域内，延续了莱昂哈德·欧拉等后牛顿主义者的贡献。恩斯特·马赫（Ernst Mach）和这一时代的其他物理学和哲学巨人的现代表述方法，在亨利·庞加莱（Henry Poincare）的工作中丰富了其结构，最后在阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）的工作中达到了顶点，并提出了狭义相对论和广义相对论在20世纪初。广义相对论的发展一直延续到我们时代，形式多样，充满了理论力量。认识论和物理学史的许多基本概念出现在重力理论的研究中，例如空间，时间，运动，质量，惯性，主动引力和被动引力形式的空间概念。惯性参考系，力，场，黎曼几何和场方程。这些基本的基本理论和结构概念每次都出现在相应的引力理论中以及引力相互作用的各种范式中。我们将简要提及重力史，仅提及塑造这些基本物理和认识论概念的一些地标或杰出人物。

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