Academic freedom and the discovery of electroreception in catfish and dogfish

Peters RC

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Academic freedom and the discovery of electroreception in catfish and dogfish

机译：学术自由和cat鱼和狗鱼电感受的发现

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A brief sketch is given of the changing interpretation of Academic Freedom at the universities in The Netherlands during the last half of the twentieth century, by discussing the discoveries of electroreception in catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus, and dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. It is concluded that science is no longer hypothesis-driven, but money-driven. Whereas innovation and discoveries belong typically to the domain of the individual scientist and flourish in a bottom-up organisation, the funding agencies of today advocate a top-down approach to stimulate creativity. Apparently the resultant institutionalization has not the desired result.

机译：简要讨论了二十世纪后半叶荷兰各大学对学术自由的解释不断变化的情况，并讨论了cat鱼（Ameiurus nebulosus）和狗鱼（Scyliorhinus canicula）的电接收发现。结论是，科学不再是假设驱动的，而是金钱驱动的。尽管创新和发现通常属于单个科学家的领域，并且在自下而上的组织中蓬勃发展，但当今的资助机构主张采用自上而下的方法来激发创造力。显然，由此产生的制度化并没有取得预期的结果。

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《Animal biology》 |2008年第3期|共9页
作者
Peters RC;
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正文语种 eng
中图分类动物学;
关键词
Science policy; innovation management; research funding; academic freedom; research schools; education; animal experiments; vivisection; gaining knowledge; ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS LES; LATERAL LINE LOBE; LORENZINISCHEN AMPULLEN; FREQUENCY-RESPONSE; ORGANS; ORGANIZATION; MIDBRAIN; FUNKTION; LOCATION; NEURONS;

机译：科学政策;创新管理;研究经费;学术自由;研究学校;教育;动物实验;活体切片;获得知识;ICTALURUS-NEBULOSUS LES;侧线叶;LORENZINISCHEN AMPULLEN;频率响应;器官;组织;组织;中部语言;神经元;

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专利

1. Academic freedom and the discovery of electroreception in catfish and dogfish [J] . Peters RC Animal biology . 2008,第3期

机译：学术自由和cat鱼和狗鱼电感受的发现
2. University Oversight of Professors’ Teaching Activities: A Professor’s Academic Freedom Does not Mean Freedom From Institutional Regulation [J] . Richard Fossey Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability . 2007,第3a4期

机译：大学对教授教学活动的监督：教授的学术自由并不意味着摆脱机构监管
3. Intellectual laziness and academic dishonesty: A threat to academic freedom? [J] . Loyiso Nongxa South African Journal of Science . 2020,第1期

机译：知识懒惰和学术不诚实：对学术自由的威胁？
4. Population Trends of Flathead Catfish, Channel Catfish, and Blue Catfish in Impounded and Unimpounded Reaches of the Upper Mississippi River (1993-2007) [C] . Kathryn N. S. McCain, Joseph W. Ridings, Quinton Phelps, International Catfish Symposium . 2011

机译：普通鲶鱼，通道鲶鱼和蓝鲶中的人口趋势在扣押和绝对地带到上层密西西比河（1993-2007）
5. Academic freedom & religious control: An interpretative phenomenological analysis into how seminary faculty make sense of academic freedom. [D] . Burgess, Aaron. 2013

机译：学术自由和宗教控制：对神学院教师如何理解学术自由的解释性现象学分析。
6. Academic Freedom and Academic Anarchy [O] . L. M. Cathcart 1971

机译：学术自由与学术无政府状态
7. Freedom of Speech in the Academic Workplace Academic Freedom to Microaggressions, Tenure, Contracts and the Courts [O] . 2018

机译：学术工作场所的言论自由学术自由到微不足道，任期，合同和法院
8. Electroreception of Constant and Alternating Fields by the Catfish Ictalurus nebulosus [R] . Johnson, C. S. 1982

机译：鲶鱼Ictalurus nebulosus对恒定和交替场的电感应

Academic freedom and the discovery of electroreception in catfish and dogfish

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