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首页> 外文期刊>Applied thermal engineering: Design, processes, equipment, economics >Impact on energy requirements and emissions of heat pumps and micro-cogenerators participating in demand side management
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Impact on energy requirements and emissions of heat pumps and micro-cogenerators participating in demand side management

机译：参与需求方管理的热泵和微型热电发电机对能源需求和排放的影响

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The potential impacts of participating in demand side management (DSM) on the performance of air source heat pumps (ASHP) and micro-combined heat and power (mCHP) units are considered by this study. As significant consumers and generators of electricity at the distribution level, large numbers of heat pumps and micro-cogenerators would provide considerable scope for participation in DSM systems. However, it is possible that operating regimes which are optimised for grid considerations will not achieve the maximum performance that is possible from the units. Modelling has been conducted to investigate the significance of this effect, considering the case where local distribution constraints are the main driver for demand side interventions. A model of domestic electrical demand has been adapted to consider a neighbourhood of 128 dwellings in order to identify when interventions are necessary. This has been combined with dynamic models of two combustion engine micro-cogenerators, a solid oxide fuel cell micro-cogenerator and two ASHPs. A simple thermal model of each building is combined with a range of user preferences in order to determine the preferred operating profiles of the heating units. The DSM scheme analysed here is likely to have minimal impact on the emissions and energy requirements associated with each heating unit. Its effect is similar to that which occurs without DSM if the control system gain is relaxed such that equivalent thermal comfort is achieved. DSM can reduce the peak electrical demand of the neighbourhood. However, in the scenarios investigated, it is unlikely that the peaks can be reduced sufficiently such that they do not exceed the capacity of the local distribution transformer if ASHPs are used in all dwellings. By using a combination of mCHP units with ASHPs, it is possible to supply heating to all dwellings without exceeding this capacity. In this case, the use of DSM can increase the ratio of ASHPs used. In the context of a low carbon grid electricity supply, this will reduce the average carbon emissions associated with the neighbourhood.
机译：这项研究考虑了参与需求侧管理（DSM）对空气源热泵（ASHP）和微热电联产（mCHP）单元性能的潜在影响。作为配电级别上的重要用电者和发电者，大量的热泵和微型热发电机将为参与DSM系统提供相当大的空间。但是，为电网考虑而优化的运行方式可能无法实现单元所能提供的最大性能。考虑到局部分布约束是需求侧干预的主要驱动因素，已经进行了建模以调查这种影响的重要性。为了确定何时需要采取干预措施，已对家庭用电需求模型进行了调整，以考虑128所住宅的附近地区。这已与两个内燃机微型发电机，一个固体氧化物燃料电池微型发电机和两个ASHP的动态模型结合在一起。每个建筑物的简单热模型与一系列用户偏好组合在一起，以确定加热单元的首选运行曲线。本文分析的DSM方案可能对与每个加热单元相关的排放和能源需求的影响最小。如果放松控制系统的增益，从而获得同等的热舒适度，则其效果类似于没有DSM时的效果。 DSM可以减少附近地区的峰值用电需求。但是，在所研究的方案中，如果在所有住宅中均使用了ASHP，则不太可能充分降低峰值，以使其不会超过本地配电变压器的容量。通过将mCHP单元与ASHP结合使用，可以在不超过此容量的情况下向所有住宅供热。在这种情况下，使用DSM可以增加所用ASHP的比例。在低碳网格电力供应的情况下，这将减少与社区相关的平均碳排放。

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