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首页> 外文期刊>Chemical Engineering Research & Design: Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers >SHIP TRANSPpRT OF CO_2 Technical Solutions and Analysis of Costs,Energy Utilization,Exergy Efficiency and CO_2 Emissions
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SHIP TRANSPpRT OF CO_2 Technical Solutions and Analysis of Costs,Energy Utilization,Exergy Efficiency and CO_2 Emissions

机译：船TRANSPpRT二氧化碳的技术解决方案分析成本,能源利用率,(火用)效率和二氧化碳排放

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Increased focus on reducing CO_2 emissions has created growing interest in CO_2 capturing from industrial processes for storage in geologic formations or injection in oil reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).Due to the scattered CO_2 sources and the uncertainty in the growth of the CO_2 market,a cost effective and flexible transport system is required.In this work a ship transport concept is developed as an alternative to pipeline transport.New technical solutions,cost-,energy-,exergy-and CO_2 emission analysis for ship-based transport of CO_2 are presented.The concept includes all the elements in the transport chain,namely liquefaction,intermediate storage,loading system,semi-pressurized ship and offshore unloading system.Economical large-scale transport of CO_2 by ship could be done in semi-pressurized vessels of around 20 000 m~3 at pressures near triple point (6.5 bara and -52 deg C) in order to use well established design for commercial construction of LPG carriers and intermediate storage.This condition also gives the highest density in the liquid state,which reduces the transport unit cost.Liquefaction of CO_2 is best achieved in an open cycle,where the refrigeration is partly or fully provided by the feed gas itself.The offshore unloading system will transport the liquid CO_2 from the dedicated CO_2 ship to the wellhead on the platform at the required temperature and pressure.During the unloading phase the ship is connected to a submerged turret loading (STL) system.The CO_2 is pumped to a pressure high enough to avoid phase transition in the transfer lines.A flexible riser,a subsea pipeline and an insulated pipeline in the platform shaft bring the CO_2 from the unloading location to the topside of the platform.The CO_2 is pumped to injection pressure and heated to avoid operational problems before it is injected into the reservoir for EOR using conventional water injection wells.The total specific energy requirement for the selected transport chain is 142 kWh tonne~(-1) CO_2,where the liquefaction process accounts for 77%.An exergy analysis of the chain is performed showing that the minimum work required in the chain is 60 kWh tonne~(-1) CO_2,giving a chain rational efficiency of 42%.The total CO_2 emissions are estimated to be approximately 1.4% of the inlet CO_2.The total costs of ship-based transport are calculated to be 20-30 USD tonne~(-1) for volumes larger than 2Mt y~(-1) and distances limited to the North Sea.Ship transport offers a flexible alternative for bringing CO_2 to offshore installations.Dedicated CO_2 carriers for transport of CO_2 directly from the source to the oil fields might be a key element in future CO_2 infrastructures.
机译：更加注重减少二氧化碳排放在二氧化碳捕获从创造了越来越感兴趣工业过程在地质存储在油藏形成或注射提高原油采收率(采油)。二氧化碳来源和增长的不确定性技术市场,成本有效和灵活交通系统是必需的。运输概念发展作为替代管道运输。解决方案、成本、能源,exergy-and二氧化碳排放分析舰载运输二氧化碳提出了。在运输链,即液化、中间存储、装载系统,semi-pressurized船和海上卸载系统。二氧化碳的船可以在semi-pressurized完成船舶大约20 000 m ~ 3附近的压力三相点(6.5巴拉和-52摄氏度)使用良好的商业设计建设液化石油气运营商和中间存储。液态的密度,减少了运输单位成本。实现在一个开放的循环,制冷的地方是部分或全部提供的原料气吗本身。运输液体二氧化碳的专用技术船的井口平台上所需的温度和压力。这艘船被连接到一个卸载阶段水下炮塔加载(STL)系统。注入压力足够高,以避免阶段在传输线路过渡。立管,海底管道和保温管道在平台轴带来的二氧化碳卸货地点的上部平台。和加热,以避免操作问题这是注入到油藏三次采油使用传统的水注水井。特定的能源选择的要求传递链是142千瓦时每吨~(1)二氧化碳,在哪里液化过程占77%。(火用)分析显示执行链所需的最低工作链中的是60千瓦时每吨~(1)二氧化碳,给连锁理性42%的效率。据估计,大约1.4%的进口二氧化碳。计算是20 - 30美元/吨~(1)卷大于2吨y ~(1)和距离限制北海。选择将二氧化碳海外安装。直接从源到运输二氧化碳油田在未来的技术可能是一个关键因素基础设施。

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