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Decoding the pathways of arsenic biotransformation in bacteria

机译：解码砷生物转化的途径在细菌中

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Abstract Arsenic (As), a heavy metalloid, occupies the topmost position in the list of the top ten hazardous chemicals published by the World Health Organization. The contamination of arsenic in groundwater predominantly utilized for irrigation and drinking is responsible for serious public health issues across the globe. The two most common arsenic species, i.e., inorganic arsenate and arsenite, are toxic and environmental pollutants. The toxicity of arsenic and its speciation are impacted by bacterial biotransformations. Bacteria have evolved several systems to deal with arsenic toxicity in their vicinity through detoxification and metabolism. The knowledge about these processes provides insight into the strategies employed by bacteria for arsenic biotransformation. In this study, we comprehensively discuss the genetics and molecular mechanisms of arsenate reduction, arsenite oxidation, methylation/demethylation, and other arsenic biotransformations. Relatively recent scientific discoveries and the use of molecular approaches have notably enhanced our understanding of these microbial processes present in the environment. The present review intends to focus on the diverse categories of arsenic-transforming and -metabolizing bacterial species and their genetics, recent advances in the mechanisms of the microbe-mediated As-biotransformation pathways, and their implications on the biogeochemical cycling of arsenic in nature. This review will further help to develop a better understanding of bacterial response to arsenic, bioremediation strategies, and future research fields.
机译：抽象的砷(),一个沉重的金属,占据了最上面的列表中的前十的位置危险化学品由世界卫生出版组织。地下水主要用于灌溉和饮酒严重的公共负责全球的健康问题。常见的砷物种,即无机砷酸和亚砷酸盐有毒和环境污染物。物种形成是影响细菌生物转化。系统处理砷的毒性附近通过解毒和代谢。对这些流程提供的知识了解细菌使用的策略砷的生物转化。全面讨论遗传学和砷酸盐还原的分子机制,亚砷酸盐氧化、甲基化/脱甲基,和其他砷生物转化。最近的科学发现和使用分子方法已明显增强这些微生物过程的理解存在于环境中。打算专注于不同类别的arsenic-transforming和代谢细菌物种及其遗传学,最近的进步microbe-mediated的机制As-biotransformation通路,他们生物地球化学循环的影响砷在自然界中。开发更好的理解细菌对砷、生物修复策略,和未来的研究领域。

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