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Introduction and Systematic Approach

机译：简介和系统方法

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Looking at the complex chemistry involved in paper making processes it is always surprising that on a global reckoning paper consists to almost 99 per cent of natural materials.Chemical and mechanical pulps are the products of wood and annual plants,these are the primary fibrous materials which together add up 45 per cent of the total raw material consumption.Recycled paper makes up 43 per cent.Then come 9 per cent of fillers and pigments,chiefly in the form of China clay and calciumcarbonate.These are open-cast mined all over the world.The remaining 3 per cent include the chemicaladdi-tives.About half of this is starch,which is also derived from renewable raw materials and one sixth is the traditional chemical papermakers' Alum,i.e.aluminium sulphate.Only 1.1 per cent of the raw materials used for paper production are synthetic chemical additives.The ZELLCHEMING Technical Committee "Chemical Additives" consists of scientists,representatives of the chemical industry and of the paper industry.This very active group tries already for many years to investigate the interaction and environmental impact of this class of products.Results of this work has already been published atEUCEPA conference 1997,TAPPI conference 1999andZELL-CHEMING conference 2003.This final publication at PTS conference 2006 shall finalize the ecological aspects of important chemical additives in paper industry.In order to make a reliable assessment of the issues involved here,it was necessary to make a clear,exact definition of our frame of reference and to set limits forthe system under investigation.This is necessary because of the complexity of this subject,which would otherwise only allow selected aspects to be considered.The committee considered the papermaking process and the properties of the products used in papermaking and the effects of papermaking on the environment.The production of raw materials and additives and their effects on the environment are outside the scope of this study,as are their processing,application,recycling and disposal.Nevertheless,this time additives for pulp production have been included due to their overall importance.The focus of attention was placed on the paper machine itself and its equipment.The configuration of paper machines and their stock preparation and water treatment facilities varies very considerably in practice,and no two paper machines are the same.Therefore some simplifications had to be made.Some elements were grouped together as functional blocks.A systematical approach covering all chemical additives involved in paper production would have been too much work even for this active and committed group of specialists.Therefore some chemical additives were selected because they account for a large proportion of consumption,and others were selected because of the potential dangerto the environmentthatthey may pose.
机译：纵观造纸过程中涉及的复杂化学成分，令人惊讶的是，在全球范围内，纸张几乎99%由天然材料组成。化学浆和机械浆是木材和一年生植物的产品，这些是主要的纤维材料，加起来占原材料总消耗量的45%。再生纸占43%。然后是9%的填料和颜料，主要是中国粘土和碳酸钙的形式。这些都是在世界各地露天开采的。其余3%包括化学添加剂。其中大约一半是淀粉，淀粉也来自可再生原料，六分之一是传统化学造纸厂的明矾，即硫酸铝。用于造纸的原材料中只有1.1%是合成化学添加剂。ZELLCHEMING“化学助剂”技术委员会由科学家、化学工业和造纸工业的代表组成。这个非常活跃的小组多年来一直在尝试研究这类产品的相互作用和环境影响。这项工作的结果已经发表在1997年EUCEPA会议，1999年TAPPI会议和2003年ZELL-CHEMING会议上。为了对这里涉及的问题做出可靠的评估，有必要对我们的参考框架做出清晰、准确的定义，并为所调查的系统设定限制。这是必要的，因为这个主题很复杂，否则只能考虑选定的方面。该委员会审议了造纸工艺和造纸产品的性能以及造纸对环境的影响。原材料和添加剂的生产及其对环境的影响不在本研究范围之内，其加工、应用、回收和处置也是如此。然而，由于其整体重要性，这次包括了用于纸浆生产的添加剂。注意力的焦点放在造纸机本身及其设备上。在实践中，造纸机及其浆料制备和水处理设施的配置差异很大，没有两台造纸机是相同的。因此，必须进行一些简化。一些元素被组合在一起作为功能块。即使对于这个积极而敬业的专家团队来说，涵盖造纸生产中涉及的所有化学添加剂的系统方法也太费力了。因此，选择一些化学添加剂是因为它们占消耗量的很大比例，而另一些则因为它们可能对环境造成潜在危害而被选中。

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