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首页> 外文期刊>Archives of Toxicology >Biological interactions and toxicity of nanomaterials in the respiratory tract and various approaches of aerosol generation for toxicity testing.
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Biological interactions and toxicity of nanomaterials in the respiratory tract and various approaches of aerosol generation for toxicity testing.

机译：纳米材料在呼吸道中的生物相互作用和毒性以及用于毒性测试的各种气溶胶生成方法。

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After deposition in the respiratory tract, nanoparticles exhibit acute, neutrophil-driven inflammatory and oxidative reactions, fibrotic responses and in chronic studies under overload conditions carcinogenic effects, more severely than the microscaled materials of the same chemistry. Besides these effects also known to be induced by microsized particles, nanoparticles principally can translocate from the site of exposure to circulation and become systemically available. This may either increase the toxic outcome (e.g. cardio-vascular effects and potential responses in remote organs) or facilitate an elimination of nanomaterials. For example, in combination with partial dissolution, a strong lung response after a short-term inhalative exposure may be followed by a rapid recovery effect. Mechanistically, in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that nanoparticles induce inflammation and oxidative stress after interaction with macrophages and lung epithelial cells; consequently, a cytotoxic and genotoxic potential may exist. The deposition, retention and clearance behaviour of inhaled nanomaterials and the toxic effects observed are decisively dependent on the particle agglomeration status of the aerosol. Two principally different experimental approaches are used for inhalative exposure to nanoparticles: either (1) a basic research-oriented approach using very small aerosol mass concentrations or particle formulations that result in at least partially nanoscaled aerosols; in this way, the potential hazard and the translocation potential for individual nanoparticles can be followed effectively; or (2) exposure scenarios mimicking the occupational situation (risk-oriented) with mostly agglomerated nanoparticles; consequently, the probable risk deriving from incidental/accidental exposure can be assessed more adequately.
机译：在呼吸道中沉积后，纳米粒子表现出急性的，中性粒细胞驱动的炎症和氧化反应，纤维化反应，并且在超负荷条件下的长期研究中，其致癌作用比相同化学性质的微型材料更为严重。除了已知由微粒引起的这些影响外，纳米颗粒原则上还可以从暴露于循环的位置转移并成为全身可用的药物。这可能会增加毒性结果（例如，心血管效应和远处器官的潜在反应），或有助于消除纳米材料。例如，结合部分溶出，在短期吸入后强烈的肺部反应可能会导致快速恢复效果。从机理上讲，体外和体内试验表明，纳米颗粒与巨噬细胞和肺上皮细胞相互作用后会诱发炎症和氧化应激。因此，可能存在细胞毒性和遗传毒性。吸入的纳米材料的沉积，保留和清除行为以及所观察到的毒性影响决定性地取决于气雾剂的颗粒团聚状态。两种主要不同的实验方法用于吸入暴露于纳米颗粒：（1）使用很小的气溶胶质量浓度的基础研究导向方法或导致至少部分为纳米级气溶胶的颗粒制剂;这样，可以有效地跟踪单个纳米颗粒的潜在危害和易位性。或（2）暴露场景，以大多数附聚的纳米颗粒模拟职业状况（以风险为导向）;因此，可以更充分地评估由偶然/偶然接触引起的可能风险。

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