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Toxic response of graphene nanoplatelets in vivo and in vitro

机译：石墨烯纳米血小板在体内和体外的毒性反应

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With the development of nanotechnology, myriad types of novel materials have been discovered at the nanoscale, among which the most interesting material is graphene. However, the toxicity data available on graphene are extremely limited. In this study, we explored toxic response of commercially available graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in vivo and in vitro. The GNPs used in this study had a high surface area and feature considerably few defects. In mice, GNPs (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) remained in the lung until 28 days after a single instillation, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines reached the maximal level at Day 14 and then decreased over time. In vitro study using BEAS-2B cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, GNPs located within autophagosome-like vacuoles 24 h after exposure. The GNPs (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mu g/mL) also dose-dependently reduced cell viability, which was accompanied by an increase in the portion of cells in the subG1 and S phases. Moreover, the GNPs down-regulated the generation of reactive oxygen species, suppressed ATP production, caused mitochondria damage, and elevated the levels of autophagy-related proteins. Based on these results, we suggest that GNPs provoked a subchronic inflammatory response in mice and that GNPs induced autophagy accompanying apoptosis via mitochondria damage in vitro.
机译：随着纳米技术的发展，已经发现了多种类型的新型材料，其中最有趣的材料是石墨烯。但是，关于石墨烯的毒性数据极为有限。在这项研究中，我们探讨了体内和体外市售石墨烯纳米血小板（GNP）的毒性反应。在这项研究中使用的GNP具有较高的表面积，并且几乎没有缺陷。在小鼠中，GNP（2.5和5 mg / kg）保留在肺中，直到单次滴注后28天为止，并且炎症细胞因子的分泌在第14天达到最高水平，然后随时间下降。暴露后24小时，使用BEAS-2B细胞（人支气管上皮细胞系）进行体外研究，其GNP位于自噬体样液泡中。 GNP（2.5、5、10和20μg / mL）剂量依赖性地降低了细胞活力，这伴随着subG1和S期细胞比例的增加。此外，GNP下调了活性氧的产生，抑制了ATP的产生，引起线粒体损伤，并增加了自噬相关蛋白的水平。根据这些结果，我们认为GNP在小鼠中引起了亚慢性炎症反应，并且GNP在体外通过线粒体损伤诱导了细胞凋亡并伴随着细胞凋亡。

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