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Advances in Japanese pear breeding in Japan

机译：日本日本梨育种的进展

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The Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) is one of the most widely grown fruit trees in Japan, and it has been used throughout Japan's history. The commercial production of pears increased rapidly with the successive discoveries of the chance seedling cultivars 'Chojuro' and 'Nijisseiki' around 1890, and the development of new cultivars has continued since 1915. The late-maturing, leading cultivars 'Niitaka' and 'Shinko' were released during the initial breeding stage. Furthermore, systematic breeding by the Horticultural Research Station (currently, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NIFTS)) began in 1935, which mainly aimed to improve fruit quality by focusing on flesh texture and black spot disease resistance. To date, 22 cultivars have been released, including 'Kosui', 'Hosui', and 'Akizuki', which are current leading cultivars from the breeding program. Four induced mutant cultivars induced by gamma irradiation, which exhibit some resistance to black spot disease, were released from the Institute of Radiation Breeding. Among these cultivars, 'Gold Nijisseiki' has become a leading cultivar. Moreover, 'Nansui' from the Nagano prefectural institute breeding program was released, and it has also become a leading cultivar. Current breeding objectives at NIFTS mainly combine superior fruit quality with traits related to labor and cost reduction, multiple disease resistance, or self-compatibility. Regarding future breeding, marker-assisted selection for each trait, QTL analyses, genome-wide association studies, and genomic selection analyses are currently in progress.
机译：日本梨（Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai）是日本生长最广泛的果树之一，在整个日本历史上一直被使用。梨的商业化生产随着1890年左右偶然出现的'Chojuro'和'Nijisseiki'品种的迅速发现而迅速增长，自1915年以来新品种的开发就一直在继续。在最初的繁殖阶段被释放。此外，园艺研究站（目前是国家农业和食品研究组织（NARO）的果树科学研究所，园艺研究所）于1935年开始进行系统育种，其主要目的是通过注重果肉质地和抗黑点病来提高果实质量。迄今为止，已经发布了22个品种，包括'Kosui'，'Hosui'和'Akizuki'，它们是育种计划中目前的领先品种。从辐射育种研究所释放了四个对伽马辐射诱导的诱变品种，它们对黑斑病表现出一定的抗性。在这些品种中，“ Nijisseiki黄金”已成为领先的品种。此外，长野县立育种计划的“ Nansui”已经发布，它也已成为领先的品种。 NIFTS当前的育种目标主要是将优异的果实品质与劳动力和成本降低，多种抗病性或自交亲和性相关。关于未来的育种，目前正在对每种性状进行标记辅助选择，QTL分析，全基因组关联研究和基因组选择分析。

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