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Coastal cliff stability and regression in the Newcastle Region

机译：纽卡斯尔地区沿海悬崖的稳定性和回归

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The cliff areas along the Newcastle coastline comprise an inter-bedded sequence of sedimentary rocks with layers of variable strength, weathering susceptibility and defect intensity that exert a strong control over cliff morphology and erosion. Coastal cliff line instability in the Newcastle region is predominantly a surface related phenomenon associated with ongoing erosion and degradation processes rather than a deep-seated instability problem. Risk is primarily associated with toppling failure of undercut sandstone blocks, fretting/sloughing of less resistant tuffaceous, shale and coal horizons and erosion of accumulated soil deposits (talus). Sandstone and conglomerate rock falls are predominantly associated with loss of support due to preferential erosion of weaker less durable materials and the presence of occasional low angle joint surfaces. This natural process has been going on for thousands of years and typically results in localised small scale instability problems. The paper discusses three documented rock falls that have impacted on coastal infrastructure in the last 5 years and outlines the failure mechanisms involved, in particular the role of low angle joints. Cliff regression along the Newcastle coastline is a process associated with long term slope degradation and erosion as well as periodic localised rock fall events. The paper assesses the rate of long term cliff line regression from literature review, analysis of historical photographs, direct survey and geological interpretation.
机译：纽卡斯尔海岸线上的悬崖区域由层间交错的沉积岩层组成，这些层具有不同的强度，风化敏感性和缺陷强度，对悬崖的形态和侵蚀具有很强的控制力。纽卡斯尔地区的沿海悬崖线失稳主要是与表面相关的现象，与正在进行的侵蚀和退化过程有关，而不是深层次的不稳定问题。风险主要与底切砂岩块的倾覆破坏，抵抗力较弱的凝灰质，页岩和煤层的微动/塌陷以及累积的土壤沉积物（距骨）的侵蚀有关。砂岩和砾岩崩塌主要是由于较弱的较不耐用材料的优先腐蚀以及偶发的低角度接合面的存在而导致的支撑损失。这种自然过程已经进行了数千年，通常会导致局部的小规模不稳定问题。本文讨论了在过去5年中对沿海基础设施造成影响的三个有记录的岩石崩塌，并概述了所涉及的破坏机制，特别是低角度接头的作用。沿着纽卡斯尔海岸线的悬崖回归是一个与长期边坡退化和侵蚀以及周期性的局部岩崩事件有关的过程。本文通过文献综述，历史照片分析，直接勘测和地质解释来评估长期悬崖线退化的速度。

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