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首页> 外文期刊>Icarus: International Journal of Solar System Studies >Erosional modification and gully formation at Meteor Crater, Arizona: Insights into crater degradation processes on Mars
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Erosional modification and gully formation at Meteor Crater, Arizona: Insights into crater degradation processes on Mars

机译：亚利桑那州流星陨石坑的土壤侵蚀和沟壑形成：洞察火星陨石坑的降解过程

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摘要

Hydrogeological modification of Meteor Crater produced a spectacular set of gullies throughout the interior wall in response to rainwater precipitation, snow melting, and possible groundwater discharge. The crater wall has an exceptionally well-developed centripetal drainage pattern consisting of individual alcoves, channels, and fans. Some of the gullies originate from the rim crest and others from the middle crater wall where a lithologic transition occurs; broad gullies occur along the crater corner radial faults. Deeply incised alcoves are well developed on the soft Coconino Sandstone exposed on the middle crater wall, beneath overlying dolomite. In general, the gully locations are along crater wall radial fractures and faults, which are favorable locales of erosion due to preferential rock breakup from faulting, and groundwater flow/discharge; these structural discontinuities are also the locales where the surface runoff from rain precipitation and snow melting can preferentially flow, causing erosion and crater degradation. Channels are well developed on the talus deposits and alluvial fans on the periphery of the crater floor. Caves exposed on the lower crater level point to percolation of surface runoff and selective discharge through fractures on the crater wall. In addition, lake sediments on the crater floor provide significant evidence of a past pluvial climate, when the water table was higher, and groundwater may have seeped from springs on the crater wall. Although these hydrological processes continue at Meteor Crater today, conditions at the crater are much more arid than they were soon after impact, reflecting a climatic shift. This climate shift and the hydrological modifications observed at Meteor Crater provide insights for landscape sculpturing on Mars during various parts of its history.
机译：流星陨石坑的水文地质改造在整个内壁形成了一组壮观的沟壑，以响应雨水的沉淀，积雪的融化以及可能的地下水排放。火山口的墙壁有一个非常发达的向心排水模式，由单个壁co，通道和风扇组成。一些沟壑起源于边缘波峰，而另一些则起源于火山口中部的岩性过渡。沿火山口角径向断层发生宽沟。深切的壁are在裸露在中间火山口壁上的软可可诺砂岩上发育良好，该岩壁位于上白云岩之下。总的来说，沟的位置是沿火山口壁的径向裂缝和断层，由于断层引起的优先岩石破裂和地下水的流动/排放，它们是侵蚀的有利区域。这些结构上的不连续性也是雨水降水和积雪融化的地表径流可以优先流动，引起侵蚀和火山口退化的地方。在距骨沉积和火山口底部外围的冲积扇上，通道发育良好。在较低的火山口水平上暴露的洞穴表明表面径流的渗漏和通过火山口壁上的裂缝的选择性排放。此外，火山口底部的湖泊沉积物提供了过去雨季气候的重要证据，当时地下水位较高，并且火山口壁上的泉水可能渗入了地下水。尽管今天流星陨石坑的这些水文过程仍在继续，但陨石坑的条件比受到冲击后不久的干旱更加干旱，这反映了气候的变化。流星陨石坑观测到的这种气候变化和水文变化为火星历史各个阶段的景观雕刻提供了见识。

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