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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric chemistry and physics >Atmospheric impacts of the 2010 Russian wildfires: Integrating modelling and measurements of an extreme air pollution episode in the Moscow region
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Atmospheric impacts of the 2010 Russian wildfires: Integrating modelling and measurements of an extreme air pollution episode in the Moscow region

机译：2010年俄罗斯野火的大气影响：整合莫斯科地区极端空气污染事件的建模和测量

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Numerous wildfires provoked by an unprecedented intensive heat wave caused continuous episodes of extreme air pollution in several Russian cities and densely populated regions, including the Moscow region. This paper analyzes the evolution of the surface concentrations of CO, PM10 and ozone over the Moscow region during the 2010 heat wave by integrating available ground based and satellite measurements with results of a mesoscale model. The CHIMERE chemistry transport model is used and modified to include the wildfire emissions of primary pollutants and the shielding effect of smoke aerosols on photolysis. The wildfire emissions are derived from satellite measurements of the fire radiative power and are optimized by assimilating data of ground measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM10) into the model. It is demonstrated that the optimized simulations reproduce independent observations, which were withheld during the optimisation procedure, quite adequately (specifically, the correlation coefficient of daily time series of CO and PM10 exceeds 0.8) and that inclusion of the fire emissions into the model significantly improves its performance. The model results show that wildfires are the principal factor causing the observed air pollution episode associated with the extremely high levels of daily mean CO and PM10 concentrations (up to 10 mg m~(-3) and 700 μg m~(-3) in the averages over available monitoring sites, respectively), although accumulation of anthropogenic pollution was also favoured by a stagnant meteorological situation. Indeed, ozone concentrations were simulated to be episodically very large (>400 μg m~(-3)) even when fire emissions were omitted in the model. It was found that fire emissions increased ozone production by providing precursors for ozone formation (mainly VOC), but also inhibited the photochemistry by absorbing and scattering solar radiation. In contrast, diagnostic model runs indicate that ozone concentrations could reach very high values even without fire emissions which provide "fuel" for ozone formation, but, at the same time, inhibit it as a result of absorption and scattering of solar radiation by smoke aerosols. A comparison of MOPITT CO measurements and corresponding simulations indicates that the observed episodes of extreme air pollution in Moscow were only a part of a very strong perturbation of the atmospheric composition, caused by wildfires, over European Russia. It is estimated that 2010 fires in this region emitted ～10 Tg CO, thus more than 85% of the total annual anthropogenic CO emissions. About 30% of total CO fire emissions in European Russia are identified as emissions from peat fires.
机译：前所未有的强烈热浪引发的大量野火在俄罗斯的一些城市和人口稠密的地区（包括莫斯科地区）连续造成极端空气污染。本文通过将可用的地面和卫星测量结果与中尺度模型的结果相结合，分析了2010年热浪期间莫斯科地区CO，PM10和臭氧表面浓度的变化。使用和修改了CHIMERE化学迁移模型，以包括主要污染物的野火排放以及烟气溶胶对光解的屏蔽作用。野火排放来自卫星对火辐射功率的测量，并通过将一氧化碳（CO）和颗粒物（PM10）的地面测量数据吸收到模型中进行了优化。结果表明，优化后的模拟能够充分再现独立的观察结果，这些观察结果在优化过程中被充分保留（具体而言，CO和PM10的每日时间序列的相关系数超过0.8），并且将火灾排放纳入模型中可以显着改善其性能。模型结果表明，野火是导致观测到的空气污染事件的主要因素，这与每日平均CO和PM10浓度极高（最高10 mg m〜（-3）和700μgm〜（-3））有关。尽管由于停滞的气象状况也促进了人为污染的积累，但仍分别获得了可用监测点的平均值。实际上，即使在模型中省略了火灾排放，臭氧浓度也被模拟为非常大（> 400μgm〜（-3））。人们发现，通过提供形成臭氧的前体（主要是VOC），火灾排放物增加了臭氧的产生，但通过吸收和散射太阳辐射也抑制了光化学反应。相比之下，诊断模型运行表明，即使不释放火气，臭氧浓度也可以达到非常高的水平，这为形成臭氧提供了“燃料”，但是同时，由于烟雾气溶胶吸收和散射了太阳辐射，臭氧浓度也会受到抑制。 。 MOPITT CO测量值和相应模拟的比较表明，在莫斯科观察到的极端空气污染事件只是欧洲大火引起的强烈野火对大气成分扰动的一部分。据估计，2010年该地区的大火排放了约10 Tg CO，因此超过了每年人为CO排放总量的85％。在欧洲俄罗斯，大约30％的CO燃烧总排放量被确定为泥炭火灾的排放量。

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