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Variation in body mass dynamics among sites in Black Brant Branta bemicla nigricans supports adaptivity of mass loss during moult

机译：黑布兰特黑米老鼠的部位间体重动态变化支持换羽过程中质量损失的适应性

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Birds employ varying strategies to accommodate the energetic demands of moult, one important example being changes in body mass. To understand better their physiological and ecological significance, we tested three hypotheses concerning body mass dynamics during moult. We studied Black Brant in 2006 and 2007 moulting at three sites in Alaska which varied in food availability, breeding status and whether geese undertook a moult migration. First we predicted that if mass loss during moult were simply the result of inadequate food resources then mass loss would be highest where food was least available. Secondly, we predicted that if mass loss during moult were adaptive, allowing birds to reduce activity during moult, then birds would gain mass prior to moult where feeding conditions allowed and mass loss would be positively related to mass at moult initiation. Thirdly, we predicted that if mass loss during moult were adaptive, allowing birds to regain flight sooner, then across sites and groups, massat the end of the flightless period would converge on a theoretical optimum, i.e. the mass that permits the earliest possible return to flight. Mass loss was greatest where food was most available and thus our results did not support the prediction thatmass loss resulted from inadequate food availability. Mass at moult initiation was positively related to both food availability and mass loss. In addition, among sites and years, variation in mass was high at moult initiation but greatly reduced at theend of the flightless period, appearing to converge. Thus, our results supported multiple predictions that mass loss during moult was adaptive and that the optimal moulting strategy was to gain mass prior to the flightless period, then through behavioural modifications use these body reserves to reduce activity and in so doing also reduce wing loading. Geese that undertook a moult migration initiated moult at the highest mass, indicating that they were more than able to compensate for the / energetic cost of the migration. Because Brant frequently change moult sites between years in relation to breeding success, the site-specific variation in body mass dynamics we observed suggests individual plasticity in moult body mass dynamics.
机译：鸟类采用不同的策略来适应换羽的能量需求，其中一个重要的例子就是体重的变化。为了更好地了解它们的生理学和生态学意义，我们测试了三个有关蜕皮过程中体重动态的假说。我们于2006年和2007年在阿拉斯加的三个地点研究了黑布兰特换羽的情况，这些地点的食物供应量，繁殖状态以及鹅是否进行了换羽。首先，我们预测，如果换羽期间的质量损失仅仅是粮食资源不足的结果，那么在缺乏食物的地方，质量损失最高。其次，我们预测，如果换羽过程中的质量损失是适应性的，从而允许家禽减少换羽过程中的活动，则在允许进食条件的前提下，家禽会在换毛之前增加体重，而质量损失与换羽开始时的质量成正相关。第三，我们预测，如果换羽过程中的质量损失具有适应性，可以使鸟类更快地恢复飞行，然后跨站点和群体，则在不飞行时期结束时的质量将收敛于理论上的最优值，即允许最早返回的质量。飞行。在最容易获得食物的地方，质量损失最大，因此我们的结果不支持因食物供应不足而导致的质量损失的预测。换羽开始时的质量与食物供应和质量损失均呈正相关。此外，在地点和年份之间，换羽开始时质量变化较高，但在不飞行时期结束时质量变化明显减小，似乎收敛。因此，我们的结果支持了多种预测，即蜕皮过程中的质量损失是适应性的，最佳的蜕皮策略是在飞行之前增加质量，然后通过行为改变利用这些身体储备来减少活动，从而减少机翼负荷。进行换羽的鹅以最高的质量开始换羽，这表明它们有能力补偿迁移的高能成本。由于布兰特通常会在数年之间根据育种成功而改变换羽部位，因此我们观察到的体重动态中特定于位点的变化暗示了蜕皮动态中的个体可塑性。

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