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首页> 外文期刊>International journal of medical microbiology: IJMM >The vertical distribution, density and the development of the tick Ixodes ricinus in mountain areas influenced by climate changes (The Krkonose Mts., Czech Republic)
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The vertical distribution, density and the development of the tick Ixodes ricinus in mountain areas influenced by climate changes (The Krkonose Mts., Czech Republic)

机译：受气候变化影响的山区the虱的垂直分布，密度和发育（捷克共和国克尔科诺斯山）

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摘要

The altitudinal distribution and density of host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks were investigated by flagging in 2002-2006 along two vertical transects in the Krkonose Mts. Comparison with historical data revealed that the I. ricinus upper distribution limit shifted from the former 700-800 m limit at least up to 1100 in above sea level (a.s.l.) during the last two decades. The tick thus has newly colonised the whole montane belt, covered predominantly with Norway spruce forests. The density of host-seeking nymphs decreased with increasing altitude: In the established mixed forests located at 600-800 m a.s.l., it reached the mean value of 31 nymphs per hour of flagging (with a maximum density of 125 nymphs per hour). The mean density attained 7.1 nymphs per hour (maximum 66) in 870-1020 m and 2 nymphs per hour(maximum 6.3) in the newly colonised areas at 1080-1100 m a.s.l. Regular records of host-seeking I. ricinus larvae and nymphs up to 1020 m a.s.l., together with rather regular records of nymphs and presence of single host-seeking adults up to 1100 m a.s.l. indicated viability of the newly established local tick populations. The present empirical upper limit was experimentally confirmed by the investigation of the developmental capability of eggs, fed larvae and nymphs along a vertical transect (650-1550 m a.s.l.) in 2004-2006. The experimental results demonstrated a strong relationship between tick developmental success and duration on the one hand and altitude on the other. They showed that climatic conditions up to I 100 m a.s.l. are at present suitable for the development of all tick stages. However, it also revealed that ticks were able to complete their development up to at least 1250 m a.s.l. in the unusually warm summer and autumn 2006 (the mean temperature for June-October 2006 exceeded the 1960-1990 mean value by 1.8 degrees C). The causes of tick expansion could be found when analysing long-term (1961-2005) climatic data from the Krkonose Mts., which showed a systematic and significant rise of the mean annual air temperature by 1.4 degrees C at 1000 in a.s.l. The most pronounced temperature increase (mean monthly temperature by 1.5-3.5 degrees C at 1000 m a.s.l.) was determined in May-August, which is crucial for host finding and development of I. ricinus. Abundance of the newly settled local tick populations at higher altitudes may increase in the future after their closer establishment in local mountain ecosystems. (c) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
机译：通过在2002-2006年沿着克尔科诺斯山的两个垂直样面进行标记，研究了寄主寄主x的I的垂直分布和密度。与历史数据的比较表明，在过去的二十年中，蓖麻的分布上限从原来的700-800 m限制至少在海平面（a.s.l.）上达到了1100。因此，tick虫重新占领了整个山地带，主要覆盖了挪威的云杉林。寄主寻求若虫的密度随海拔升高而降低：在海拔600-800 m a.s.l.的已建立的混交林中，它达到了每小时旗标31仙女的平均值（最大密度为每小时125仙女）。在新定居的1080-1100 m a.s.l.地区，平均密度在870-1020 m处达到每小时7.1英里（最大66英里），在每小时2英里处（最高6.3英里）。定期记录寄主I. ricinus幼虫和若虫的体型，直至1020 m a.s.l.，以及相当常规的若虫和单身成年寄主成虫的体型，直至1100 m.s.l.表示新建立的当地壁虱种群的生存能力。通过在2004-2006年间沿垂直断面（650-1550 m a.s.l.）对卵，摄食的幼虫和若虫的发育能力的研究，实验确定了当前的经验上限。实验结果表明，一方面tick的发育成功与持续时间，另一方面与海拔高度之间存在很强的关系。他们显示出高达100 m a.s.l.的气候条件。目前适合所有壁虱阶段的发展。但是，它也表明tick虫能够完成其发育，至少达到1250 m a.s.l.。在异常温暖的2006年夏季和秋季（2006年6月至10月的平均温度比1960-1990年的平均温度高1.8摄氏度）。当分析来自Krkonose山的长期（1961-2005）气候数据时，可以找到tick虫膨胀的原因，该数据显示1000 a.s.l中的年平均气温有系统且显着的升高1.4摄氏度。在5月至8月确定了最明显的温度升高（在1000 m a.s.l时平均每月温度升高1.5-3.5摄氏度），这对于寄主发现和发展蓖麻毒素至关重要。在新近定居的本地壁虱种群更紧密地建立在当地山区生态系统中之后，它们的丰度将来可能会增加。 （c）2008 Elsevier GmbH。版权所有。

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