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首页> 外文期刊>International Journal of Ventilation >Building Ventilation Strategies to Protect Public Health during Chemical Emergencies
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Building Ventilation Strategies to Protect Public Health during Chemical Emergencies

机译：建立通风策略以保护化学品紧急情况下的公共健康

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摘要

Releases of airborne chemicals can rapidly affect wide areas, leading to exposures that may adversely affect public health. A strategy of sheltering indoors has often successfully protected public health, but in some cases it has been ineffective. This paper explores the role of ventilation as one of a number of factors that affect shelter effectiveness. Ventilation directly influences indoor exposure during chemical emergencies, and theoretical incident and ventilation scenarios are used to show how air exchange rates and chemical dose-response characteristics determine indoor dose and effects on health. For chemicals for which the likelihood of adverse health effects is driven by exposure concentration (peak exposure), sheltering in place for short periods can be an effective protective measure, because the dilution of outdoor air mixing with indoor air reduces the maximum concentration indoors. It is important to minimise ventilation before an outdoor hazard arrives. Delays in maximising ventilation after it has passed are less likely to cause extra harm, since most protection has already resulted from the lower peak exposure concentration indoors during the hazard's passage outdoors. For chemicals for which the likelihood of adverse health effects is driven by both time and concentration (cumulative exposure), which include those that exhibit a linear dose-response relationship, it is particularly important for people to both promptly minimise ventilation before an outdoor hazard arrives and maximise ventilation after it has passed, in order to minimise their cumulative exposure. Most UK residential properties are naturally ventilated, but there is an increasing trend towards the use of mechanical ventilation in new-build properties that are more airtight than their predecessors. The installation, maintenance and use of such systems pose a number of considerations. The potential for ventilation filters to offer additional protection is worthy of further attention.
机译：空气中化学品的释放会迅速影响广泛的地区，导致可能会对公众健康造成不利影响的接触。在室内避难的策略通常可以成功地保护公共健康，但在某些情况下效果不佳。本文探讨了通风作为影响住所有效性的众多因素之一的作用。通风在化学紧急情况下会直接影响室内暴露，并且使用理论上的事件和通风场景来显示空气交换率和化学剂量响应特性如何确定室内剂量以及对健康的影响。对于受暴露浓度（峰值暴露）驱动可能对健康造成不利影响的化学品，短时间避难所可能是一种有效的保护措施，因为将室外空气与室内空气混合稀释会降低室内的最大浓度。重要的是在室外危险到来之前尽量减少通风。经过通风后，最大程度地延迟通风不太可能造成额外的伤害，因为大多数防护措施已经由危险在室外通过时室内较低的峰值暴露浓度引起。对于时间和浓度（累积暴露）同时影响健康的化学药品，包括表现出线性剂量-反应关系的化学药品，对于人们来说，在室外危害到来之前迅速减少通风尤为重要通过后最大程度地通风，以最大程度地减少其累积暴露量。英国大多数住宅物业都是自然通风的，但是越来越多的趋势是，新建房屋中的机械通风要比以前的房屋更加气密。此类系统的安装，维护和使用有许多注意事项。通风过滤器提供额外保护的潜力值得进一步关注。

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