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首页> 外文期刊>Isis: An International Review Devoted to the History of Science and its Cultural Influences >The Age of Methods: William Whewell, Charles Peirce, and Scientific Kinds
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The Age of Methods: William Whewell, Charles Peirce, and Scientific Kinds

机译：方法时代：威廉·惠威尔，查尔斯·皮尔斯和科学人

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摘要

For William Whewell and, later, Charles Peirce, the methods of science merited scientific examination themselves. Looking to history to build an inductive account of the scientific process, both men transformed scientific methods into scientific evidence. What resulted was a peculiar instance of what Ian Hacking calls "the looping effects of human kinds," in which classifying human behavior changes that behavior. In the cases of Whewell and Peirce, the behavior in question was their own: namely, scientific study. This essay brings Hacking's formulation to bear on the status of science in nineteenthcentury intellectual history, revealing the continued entanglement of science and philosophy even as they were being prized apart. Focusing on how Whewell and Peirce turned themselves into "scientific kinds," the essay reveals the slippage between "what" and "how" across what Peirce once called "the age of methods."
机译：对于威廉·惠威尔以及后来的查尔斯·皮尔斯来说，科学方法本身值得进行科学检验。两人都以历史为基础，对科学过程进行了归纳性描述，两人将科学方法转化为科学证据。结果就是伊恩·哈金（Ian Hacking）所说的“人类的循环效应”的一个特例，其中对人类行为进行分类会改变行为。在Whewell和Peirce的案例中，所讨论的行为是他们自己的行为：即科学研究。这篇文章将哈金的表述带入科学在19世纪知识史上的地位，揭示了科学与哲学之间的纠缠不休，即使它们被人们所珍视。着眼于韦尔和皮尔士如何将自己变成“科学种类”，这篇文章揭示了皮尔士曾经称之为“方法时代”的“什么”与“如何”之间的错位。

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