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Modeling denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at regional scales

机译：在区域尺度上模拟陆地和水生生态系统中的反硝化作用

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Quantifying where, when, and how much denitrification occurs on the basis of measurements alone remains particularly vexing at virtually all spatial scales. As a result, models have become essential tools for integrating current understanding of the processes that control denitrification with measurements of rate-control ling properties so that the permanent losses of N within landscapes can be quantified at watershed and regional scales. In this paper, we describe commonly used approaches for modeling denitrification and N cycling processes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems based on selected examples from the literature. We highlight future needs for developing complementary measurements and models of denitrification. Most of the approaches described here do not explicitly simulate microbial dynamics, but make predictions by representing the environmental conditions where denitrification is expected to occur, based on conceptualizations of the N cycle and empirical data from field and laboratory investigations of the dominant process controls. Models of denitrification in terrestrial ecosystems include generally similar rate-controlling variables, but vary in their complexity of the descriptions of natural and human-related properties of the landscape, reflecting a range of scientific and management perspectives. Models of denitrification in aquatic ecosystems range in complexity from highly detailed mechanistic simulations of the N cycle to simpler source-transport models of aggregate N removal processes estimated with empirical functions, though all estimate aquatic N removal using first-order reaction rate or mass-transfer rate expressions. Both the terrestrial and aquatic modeling approaches considered here generally indicate that denitrification is an important and highly substantial component of the N cycle over large spatial scales. How, ever, the uncertainties of model predictions are large. Future progress will be linked to advances in field measurements, spatial databases, and model structures.
机译：仅在测量的基础上，量化反硝化作用的发生地点，时间和数量实际上几乎困扰着所有空间尺度。结果，模型已成为将当前对控制反硝化过程的了解与对速率控制特性的测量相结合的必不可少的工具，从而可以在分水岭和区域尺度上量化景观中N的永久损失。在本文中，我们根据文献中的精选示例，介绍了用于模拟陆地和水生生态系统中反硝化和氮循环过程的常用方法。我们着重指出开发补充的反硝化方法和模型的未来需求。此处描述的大多数方法均未明确模拟微生物动力学，而是根据N循环的概念化以及主要过程控制的现场和实验室研究得出的经验数据，通过代表预计会发生反硝化作用的环境条件进行预测。陆地生态系统中的反硝化模型通常包括相似的速率控制变量，但其描述自然和与人类相关的景观特性的复杂性有所不同，反映了一系列科学和管理观点。水生生态系统中的反硝化模型的复杂程度从复杂的N循环机理到更简单的利用经验函数估算的总氮去除过程的源-运输模型，尽管所有模型都使用一阶反应速率或传质来估算水生氮的去除。速率表达式。这里考虑的陆地和水生建模方法通常都表明，反硝化作用是大空间尺度上N循环的重要且高度重要的组成部分。模型预测的不确定性如何大。未来的进展将与现场测量，空间数据库和模型结构的进步联系在一起。

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