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Mechanisms generating modification of benthos following tidal flat invasion by a Spartina hybrid

机译：Spartina杂种侵袭潮滩后产生底栖动物变质的机制

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摘要

Many coastal habitats are being substantially altered by introduced plants. In San Francisco Bay,, California, USA, a hybrid form of the eastern cordgrass Spartina alterniflora is rapidly invading open mudflats in southern and central sections of the Bay, altering habitat, reducing macrofaunal densities, and shifting species composition. The invasion has resulted in significant losses of surface-feeding amphipods, bivalves, and cirratulid polychaetes, while subsurface feeding groups such as tubificid oligochaetes and capitellid polychaetes have been unaffected. In the present paper, we document the causes and mechanisms underlying the changes observed. Through a series of in situ manipulative experiments we examined the influence of hybrid Spartina canopy on a range of physical, chemical, and biological properties. The hybrid Spartina canopy exerted a strong influence on. the hydrodynamic regime, triggering a series of physical, chemical, and biological changes in the benthic system. Relative to tidal flats, water velocity was reduced in hybrid patches, promoting deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich particles. The resulting changes in the sediment environment included increased porewater sulfide concentrations and anoxia, which led to poor survivorship. of surface feeders such as, bivalves, amphipods, and polychaetes. These are key taxa that support higher trophic levels including migratory shorebirds that feed on tidal flats. Altered flow in the Spartina canopy further contributed to changes in barnacle recruitment and resuspension of adult benthic invertebrates. Increased crab-induced predation pressure associated with Spartina invasion also contributed to changes in benthic invertebrate communities. Our results suggest that multiple physical, chemical, biotic, and trophic impacts of the Spartina invasion have resulted in substantial changes in benthic communities that are likely to have important effects on the entire ecosystem.
机译：引进的植物已大大改变了许多沿海生境。在美国加利福尼亚州的旧金山湾，东部鸢尾草互花米草的杂种形式迅速侵入海湾南部和中部的裸泥滩，改变了栖息地，降低了大型动物的密度，并改变了物种组成。入侵已导致表面饲养的两栖动物，双壳类和角形多毛losses的大量损失，而地下饲养的基团如小管状低聚毛cap和头足类多毛cha并未受到影响。在本文中，我们记录了观察到的变化的原因和机制。通过一系列的原位操纵实验，我们研究了混合斯巴蒂娜树冠对一系列物理，化学和生物学特性的影响。杂种斯巴蒂娜树冠对其影响很大。流体动力机制，引发底栖系统的一系列物理，化学和生物学变化。相对于滩涂，混合斑块中的水流速降低了，从而促进了细颗粒，富含有机物的颗粒的沉积。沉积物环境的变化包括增加的孔隙水硫化物浓度和缺氧，这导致生存能力差。表面喂食器，例如双壳类，两栖类和多毛类。这些是支持较高营养水平的关键分类单元，包括以滩涂为食的候鸟。 Spartina冠层的流量变化进一步导致成年底栖无脊椎动物的藤壶募集和重悬变化。螃蟹引起的与斯巴达虫入侵相关的捕食压力也增加了底栖无脊椎动物群落的变化。我们的结果表明，Spartina入侵的多种物理，化学，生物和营养影响已导致底栖生物群落发生实质性变化，这可能对整个生态系统产生重要影响。

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