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首页> 外文期刊>Ecological Applications >Birds in agricultural mosaics: The influence of landscape pattern and countryside heterogeneity
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Birds in agricultural mosaics: The influence of landscape pattern and countryside heterogeneity

机译：农业马赛克中的鸟类：景观格局和乡村异质性的影响

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Agricultural environments are critical to the conservation of biota throughout the world: Efforts to identify key influences on the conservation status of fauna in such environments have taken complementary approaches. Many studies have focused on the role of remnant or seminatural vegetation and emphasized the influence on biota of spatial patterns in the landscape. Others have recognized that many species use diverse "countryside" elements within farmland, and emphasize the benefits of landscape heterogeneity for conservation. Here, we investigated the effect of independent measures of both the spatial pattern (extent and configuration) and heterogeneity of elements (i.e., land uses/vegetation types) on bird occurrence in farm-scale agricultural mosaics in southeastern Australia. Birds were sampled in all types of elements in 27 mosaics (each I X I km) selected to incorporate variation in cover of native vegetation and the number of different element,types in the mosaic. We used an information-theoretic approach to identify the mosaic properties that most strongly influenced bird species richness. Subgroups of birds based on habitat requirements responded most strongly to the extent of preferred elements in mosaics. Woodland birds were richer in mosaics with higher cover of native vegetation while open-tolerant species responded to the extent of scattered trees. In contrast, for total species richness, mosaic heterogeneity (richness of element types) and landscape context (cover of native vegetation in surrounding area) had the greatest influence. These results showed that up to 76%, of landscape-level variation in richness of bird groups is attributable to mosaic properties directly amenable to management by landowners. Key implications include (1) conservation goals for farm landscapes must be carefully defined because the richness of different faunal components is influenced by different mosaic properties; (2) the extent of native vegetation is a critical influence in agricultural environments because it drives the farm-scale richness of woodland birds and has a broader context effect on total bird richness in mosaics; (3) land-use practices that enhance the heterogeneity of farmland mosaics are beneficial for native birds; and (4) the cumulative effect of even small elements in farm mosaics contribute to the structural properties of entire landscapes.
机译：农业环境对全世界的生物群保护至关重要：在这种环境下努力确定对动物群保护状况的关键影响的努力已经采取了补充措施。许多研究集中于残余或半自然植被的作用，并强调了景观中空间格局对生物区系的影响。其他人已经认识到，许多物种在农田中使用了多种“乡村”元素，并强调了景观异质性对于保护的好处。在这里，我们调查了在澳大利亚东南部农场规模的农业马赛克中，空间元素（范围和构造）和元素异质性（即土地利用/植被类型）的独立测量对鸟类发生的影响。鸟类在27种马赛克中采样了所有类型的元素（每个I X I km），以结合原生植被覆盖度的变化以及马赛克中不同元素类型的数量。我们使用信息理论方法来确定对鸟类物种丰富度影响最大的镶嵌特性。基于栖息地要求的鸟类亚组对镶嵌物中首选元素的反应最强烈。林地鸟类的马赛克更丰富，原生植被的覆盖率更高，而宽容物种对树木分散的程度做出了响应。相反，对于总物种丰富度而言，镶嵌异质性（元素类型的丰富性）和景观环境（周围地区原生植被的覆盖）的影响最大。这些结果表明，高达76％的鸟类种群丰富度在景观水平上的变化归因于镶嵌特性，这些特性直接适合于土地所有者的管理。主要含义包括：（1）必须认真定义农场景观的保护目标，因为不同动物组成部分的丰富程度受不同镶嵌特性的影响; （2）原生植被的程度是农业环境中的关键影响因素，因为它驱动了农场规模的林地鸟类的丰富度，并且对马赛克中鸟类的总丰富度具有更广泛的影响; （3）增强农田花叶异质性的土地利用做法对本地鸟类有利; （4）农场马赛克中即使很小的元素的累积作用也有助于整个景观的结构特性。

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