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首页> 外文期刊>Ecological Applications >Flock characteristics of ant-following birds in premontane moist forest and coffee agroecosystems
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Flock characteristics of ant-following birds in premontane moist forest and coffee agroecosystems

机译：山区前湿润森林和咖啡农业生态系统中蚂蚁跟随鸟类的种群特征

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We studied avian attendance at swarms of Eciton burchelli and Labidus praedator (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae) over 5-mo periods in both 1996 and 1997, at elevations between 1400 m and 1800 m in western Panama. We conducted area searches for swarms of raiding ants and attendant birds in intact forest, traditional shade coffee habitats both adjacent to and distant from forest, and in sun coffee habitats, quantifying the size and composition of attendant flocks. All habitats except sun coffee supported numerous army ant swarms and thus a diverse assemblage of ant-following birds. A total of 411 swarming occasions attracted 126 bird species of 28 families. Of the 103 resident species, two were obligate ant-following birds, the Ruddy Woodcreeper (Dendrocincla homochroa) and the Gray-headed Tanager (Eucometris penicillata). Of the remaining species, 18 were wintering Nearctic migrants, and five were transient Nearctic migrants. Nearctic migrant species composed a greater percentage of the attendant species in shade coffee habitats as compared to forest. Several species of forest resident birds that correspond with particular foraging guilds, such as understory bark insectivores, including D. homochroa, regularly occurred in adjacent shade coffee but were never observed at swarms in distant shade coffee. Army ants may therefore be a mechanism for bringing forest birds into shade coffee, but only to a point. In western Panama, mid-elevational traditional shade coffee plantations can provide additional habitat for the diverse avifauna that attend army ant swarms. With increasing distance from large areas of continuous forest, however, the value of traditional shade coffee habitats is lessened for certain components of the bird community. Thus, protection of these habitats adjacent to intact forest should receive priority. Additionally, current transformation of coffee-growing practices, including the removal of shade trees to grow coffee in full sun, will negatively affect army ants and their associated avian followers. [References: 46]
机译：我们研究了1996年至1997年的5个月内，埃希顿·伯奇利（Eciton burchelli）和拉皮杜斯（Labidus praedator）（膜翅目：ton科：Ecitoninae）的成群鸟类，在巴拿马西部，海拔1400 m至1800 m。我们在原始森林，与森林相邻和远离森林的传统遮荫咖啡生境以及太阳咖啡生境中进行了搜索，以搜寻蚂蚁和随之而来的鸟群，从而量化了随之而来的羊群的大小和组成。除太阳咖啡之外的所有栖息地都为众多的蚂蚁群提供了栖息地，因此也有各种各样的蚂蚁跟随鸟类。总共411次蜂拥而至，吸引了28个科的126种鸟类。在103种常驻物种中，有两只是专性蚂蚁跟随鸟类，红润的木爬行者（Dendrocincla homochroa）和灰头的唐纳雀（Eucometris penicillata）。在其余物种中，有18个是越冬的近来移民，有5个是过时的近来移民。与森林相比，近咖啡种在阴影咖啡栖息地中占伴随物种的比例更高。与特定觅食行会相对应的几种森林常住鸟类，例如下层树皮食虫动物，包括D. homochroa，经常出现在相邻的遮荫咖啡中，但在远处的遮荫咖啡中却从未见过。因此，军蚁可能是一种将森林鸟类带入浓咖啡的机制，但仅限于某种程度上。在巴拿马西部，中度升高的传统遮荫咖啡种植园可以为参加蚂蚁群的各种鸟类提供额外的栖息地。但是，随着距连续森林大片区域的距离增加，对于鸟类群落的某些组成部分，传统的浓咖啡栖息地的价值降低了。因此，应优先保护与完整森林相邻的这些生境。此外，目前咖啡种植方式的转变，包括去除遮荫树以在全日照下种植咖啡，将对陆军蚂蚁及其相关鸟类信徒产生负面影响。 [参考：46]

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