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首页> 外文期刊>Ecological Applications >Traditional Ecological Knowledge: The third alternative (commentary)
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Traditional Ecological Knowledge: The third alternative (commentary)

机译：传统生态知识：第三种选择（注释）

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Contemporary Western attitudes concerning the management of natural resources, treatment of nonhuman animals, and the natural world emerge from traditions derived from Western European philosophy, i.e., they assume that humans are autonomous from, and in control of, the natural world. A different approach is presented by Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of indigenous peoples of North America. Although spiritually oriented, TEK converges on Western scientific approaches. TEK is based on close observation of nature and natural phenomena; however, it is combined with a concept of community membership that differs from that of Western political and social thought. TEK is strongly tied to specific physical localities; therefore, all aspects of the physical space can be considered part of the community, including animals, plants, and landforms. As a consequence, native worldviews can be considered to be spatially oriented, in contrast to the temporal orientation of Western political and historical thought. TEK also emphasizes the idea that individual plants and animals exist on their own terms. This sense of place and concern for individuals leads to two basic TEK concepts: (1) all things are connected, which is conceptually related to Western community ecology, and (2) all things are related, which changes the emphasis from the human to the ecological community as the focus of theories concerning nature. Connectedness and relatedness are involved in the dan systems of many indigenous peoples, where nonhuman organisms are recognized as relatives whom the humans are obliged to treat with respect and honor. Convergence of TEK and Western science suggests that there may be areas in which TEK can contribute insights, or possibly even new concepts, to Western science. TEK is inherently multidisciplinary in that it links the human and the nonhuman, and is the basis not only for indigenous concepts of nature, but also for concepts of indigenous politics and ethics. This multidisciplinary aspect suggests that TEK may be useful in resolving conflicts involving a variety of stakeholders and interest groups in controversies over natural resource use, animal rights, and conservation. TEK may also have implications for human behavior and obligations toward other forms of life that are often unrecognized, or at least not emphasized, in Western science. We present examples from community and behavioral ecology where a TEK-based approach yielded unexpected and nonintuitive insights into natural phenomena. Understanding of TEK may be useful in helping scientists respond to the changing public perceptions of science, and new cultural pressures in our society. [References: 44]
机译：当代西方对自然资源管理，非人类动物的对待以及自然世界的态度源于源自西欧哲学的传统，即它们认为人类是对自然世界的自主和控制。北美土著人民的传统生态知识（TEK）提出了一种不同的方法。尽管TEK具有精神取向，但它融合了西方科学方法。 TEK基于对自然和自然现象的密切观察;但是，它结合了不同于西方政治和社会思想的社区成员身份概念。 TEK与特定的物理位置紧密相关;因此，可以将物理空间的所有方面（包括动物，植物和地貌）视为社区的一部分。结果，与西方政治和历史思想的时间取向相反，本土世界观可以被认为是空间取向的。 TEK还强调这样的想法，即个别动植物以自己的方式生存。对个人的这种位置感和关注感导致了两个基本的TEK概念：（1）所有事物都是相互联系的，这在概念上与西方社区生态有关;（2）所有事物都是相关的，这将重点从人类转移到了人类。生态社区是有关自然的理论重点。在许多土著人民的dan系统中都涉及到联系和亲密关系，在该系统中，非人类有机体被认为是人类必须受到尊重和尊敬的亲戚。 TEK和西方科学的融合表明，TEK可能在某些领域可以为西方科学贡献见识，甚至可能提供新概念。 TEK本质上是多学科的，因为它将人类与非人类联系在一起，不仅是土著自然观的基础，而且还是土著政治和伦理学概念的基础。这个多学科的方面表明，TEK可能有助于解决涉及自然资源使用，动物权利和保护方面的各种利益相关者和利益集团的冲突。 TEK还可能对人类的行为和对其他生命形式的义务产生影响，而西方科学常常不认识或至少没有强调。我们提供了来自社区和行为生态学的示例，其中基于TEK的方法产生了对自然现象的意外和非直观见解。了解TEK可能有助于科学家应对公众对科学不断变化的认识以及社会中新的文化压力。 [参考：44]

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