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Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems

机译：城市化和城市河流恢复对河流生态系统物理和生物结构的影响

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摘要

Streams, as low-lying points in the landscape, are strongly influenced by the stormwaters, pollutants, and warming that characterize catchment urbanization. River restoration projects are an increasingly popular method for mitigating urban insults. Despite the growing frequency and high expense of urban stream restoration projects, very few projects have been evaluated to determine whether they can successfully enhance habitat structure or support the stream biota characteristic of reference sites. We compared the physical and biological structure of four urban degraded, four urban restored, and four forested streams in the Piedmont region of North Carolina to quantify the ability of eachscale stream restoration to restore physical and biological structure to urban streams and to examine the assumption that providing habitat is sufficient for biological recovery. To be successful at mitigating urban impacts, the habitat structure and biological communities found in restored streams should be more similar to forested reference sites than to their urban degraded counterparts. For every measured reach- and patch-scale attribute, we found that restored streams were indistinguishable from their degraded urban stream counterparts. Forested streams were shallower, had greater habitat complexity and median sediment size, and contained less-tolerant communities with higher sensitive taxa richness than streams in either urban category. Because heavy machinery is used to regrade and reconfigure restored channels, restored streams had less canopy cover than either forested or urban streams. Channel habitat complexity and watershed impervious surface cover (ISC) were the best predictors of sensitive taxa richness and biotic index at the reach and catchment scale, respectively. Macroinvertebrate communities in restored channels were compositionally similar to the communities in urban degraded channels, and both were dissimilar to communities in forested streams. The macroinvertebrate communities of both restored and urban degraded streams were correlated with environmental variables characteristic of degraded urban systems. Our study suggests that reach-scale restoration is not successfully mitigating for the factors causing physical and biological degradation.
机译：作为景观低洼地带的溪流受到集水区城市化特征的雨水，污染物和变暖的强烈影响。河流修复项目是缓解城市侮辱的一种越来越流行的方法。尽管城市河流修复项目的频率越来越高且花费越来越高，但很少评估项目以确定它们能否成功地改善栖息地结构或支持参考点的河流生物区系特征。我们比较了北卡罗莱纳州皮埃蒙特地区的4个城市退化，4个城市修复和4个森林流的物理和生物结构，以量化每种规模的流恢复将物理和生物结构恢复为城市流的能力，并检验以下假设：提供足够的栖息地进行生物恢复。为了成功减轻城市影响，恢复河流中发现的栖息地结构和生物群落应与森林参考点更相似，而不是与城市退化的对应点相似。对于每个测得的河川规模和斑块规模属性，我们发现，恢复的河流与退化的城市河流是无法区分的。与任何一个城市类别的溪流相比，森林溪流较浅，生境复杂度更高，沉积物中位数更大，并且容忍度较低的群落具有较高的分类单元丰富度。由于使用重型机械来对恢复的河道进行改质和重新配置，因此，恢复的河流的冠层覆盖率要比森林河流或城市河流要少。河道栖息地的复杂性和流域的不透水地表覆盖（ISC）分别是触角和汇水规模敏感类群丰富度和生物指数的最佳预测指标。恢复渠道中的大型无脊椎动物群落在成分上与城市退化渠道中的群落相似，并且都与森林溪流中的群落不同。恢复的和城市退化的河流的无脊椎动物群落与退化的城市系统的环境变量相关。我们的研究表明，范围扩展恢复并不能成功缓解导致物理和生物降解的因素。

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