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Trait-mediated effects of predation across life-history stages in container mosquitoes

机译：在容器蚊子的整个生活史阶段中，捕食性状的介导效应

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1. It was determined if the predatory midge Corethrella appendiculata Grabham imposes a fitness cost in a native mosquito, Ochlerotatus triseriatus Say, and an invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus Skuse. The hypothesis that decreased activity of immature prey in the presence of predator cues is associated with life history costs through all life cycle stages was tested.2. In experiment 1, individual larvae of O. triseriatus or A. albopictus were raised in the presence or absence of predation cues at two resource levels. Prey were video recorded to detect behavioural responses and to measure development time, size at emergence, and adult longevity. In experiment 2, prey populations were reared in similar environments and the frequency of predator cue additions was varied.3. Only O. triseriatus reduced its activity in the presence of predation cues. Predation cues were associated with longer immature development times and shorter adult life spans in O. triseriatus, whereas in A. albopictus, the cues were associated with a larger size of emerging adults.4. In the present study, it was found that behavioural modifications during the larval stage can affect mosquitoes through multiple stages of their complex life cycle. The species-specific behavioural differences are probably attributable to the longer evolutionary history O. triseriatus has with predators, relative to the invasive A. albopictus.
机译：1.确定掠食性中蚊Corethrella appendiculata Grabham是否对当地蚊子Ochlerotatus triseriatus Say和侵入性蚊子伊蚊白纹伊蚊（Aedes albopictus Skuse）征收健身费用。检验了存在捕食者线索时未成熟猎物活动减少与整个生命周期阶段的生命史成本相关的假设。2。在实验1中，在有或没有捕食线索的情况下，在两个资源水平上饲养了Triseriatus或Albopictus的幼虫。录像记录猎物以检测行为反应并测量发育时间，出苗时的大小和成年寿命。在实验2中，在相似的环境中饲养猎物种群，并且增加捕食者线索的频率。3。在存在捕食线索的情况下，只有三头曲霉降低了其活性。捕食线索与三头曲霉的未成熟发育时间较长和成年寿命缩短有关，而白线曲霉的线索与成年成年个体较大有关。4。在本研究中，发现幼虫阶段的行为改变可以通过复杂生命周期的多个阶段影响蚊子。物种特有的行为差异可能归因于相对于入侵白术曲霉，Os triseriatus与捕食者的进化历史更长。

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