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首页> 外文期刊>Earth and Planetary Science Letters: A Letter Journal Devoted to the Development in Time of the Earth and Planetary System >The erosion and suspended matter/seawater interaction during and after the 1996 outburst flood from the Vatnajokull Glacier, Iceland
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The erosion and suspended matter/seawater interaction during and after the 1996 outburst flood from the Vatnajokull Glacier, Iceland

机译：冰岛瓦特纳冰原冰川在1996年爆发洪水期间和之后的侵蚀和悬浮物/海水相互作用

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The Gjalp subglacial eruption 1996 within the Vatnajokull Glacier, Iceland triggered a catastrophic outburst flood, bringing at least 180 million tonnes of suspended solids to the sea in only 42 h. This amounts to 1% of the total annual global river suspended flux to the oceans. The specific BET-surface area of the suspended solids was measured to be 11.8-18.9 m(2)/g, translating to the average total BET-surface area of 2.8 x 10(9) km(2), providing enormous potential for adsorption/desorption and precipitation/dissolution fluxes at the suspended solids-ocean water interface. Altered basalt glass was the major constituent of the suspended matter (80%), secondary minerals such as zeolites and calcite amounted to 11%, but only 5% was fresh volcanic glass. The suspended grains were generally rounded. The glass carried by the flood is different in chemical composition from the glass produced by the Gjalp eruption. The Gjalp material has higher FeOtotal/TiO2 and TiO2/P2O5 ratios than the suspended glass in the flood waters. The majority of the flood samples match the composition of the volcanic system, down stream from the eruption site. The large amount of altered material in the flood and its chemical composition suggests erosion conforming to a 2 m deep, 1000 m wide and 50000 m long channel in less than 42 h. The behaviour of 28 elements on the surface of the suspended solids exposed to seawater was quantified by experiments in the laboratory. The altered basaltic glass dissolved in seawater, as recorded by the Si release from the glass. The dissolved concentrations of Na, Ca, Si, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, and total dissolved inorganic N increased considerably when the suspended solids come into contact with the seawater, but the concentrations of Mg, K, S, Sr, Fe, Pb and Zn decreased. The experimental seawater solutions were supersaturated with respect to calcite, Mg-montmorillonite and amorphous iron-hydroxide. The rate of release (mol/m(2)/s) of Si, Mn, Ba, Co, Ni and Cd decreased continuously during the one week exposure to sweater. After one week, the logarithm of the dissolution rate of the altered basaltic glass was -11.9 to -11.6 (Si mole/m(2)/sec). Significantly lower than the steady-state rates for fresh basaltic glass at similar conditions. Calculated one day desorbed/dissolution suspended material fluxes are greater than the integrated dissolved flood fluxes for Mn, Ba, Ni, Co and Cd, but the Si dissolved food flux was greater than the one day desorbed/dissolved suspended material flux. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：冰岛Vatnajokull冰川内的1996年Gjalp冰川下喷发引发了灾难性的爆发性洪水，仅42个小时就将至少1.8亿吨悬浮固体带入了大海。这占全球每年流入海洋的河流悬浮通量的1％。悬浮固体的BET比表面积经测量为11.8-18.9 m（2）/ g，相当于BET总表面积的平均2.8 x 10（9）km（2），为吸附提供了巨大潜力悬浮固体-海洋水界面的吸附/解吸和沉淀/溶解通量。改变的玄武岩玻璃是悬浮物的主要成分（80％），次生矿物（如沸石和方解石）占11％，而新鲜火山玻璃仅占5％。悬浮颗粒通常被弄圆。洪水携带的玻璃的化学成分与Gjalp喷发产生的玻璃不同。与洪水中的悬浮玻璃相比，Gjalp材料的FeOtal / TiO2和TiO2 / P2O5比率更高。大部分洪水样本与火山系统的组成相符，位于火山爆发地点的下游。洪水中大量蚀变物质及其化学成分表明，在不到42小时的时间内，侵蚀符合2 m深，1000 m宽和50000 m长的河道。通过实验室中的实验量化了28种元素在暴露于海水的悬浮固体表面的行为。改变后的玄武质玻璃溶解在海水中，如玻璃中的Si释放所记录的。当悬浮固体与海水接触时，Na，Ca，Si，Ba，Cd，Co，Cu，Hg，Mn，Ni和总溶解无机N的溶解浓度显着增加，但Mg，K， S，Sr，Fe，Pb和Zn降低。在方解石，镁蒙脱石和无定形氢氧化铁方面，实验海水溶液过饱和。在暴露于毛衣的一周内，Si，Mn，Ba，Co，Ni和Cd的释放速率（mol / m（2）/ s）不断降低。一周后，改变后的玄武岩玻璃的溶解速率的对数为-11.9至-11.6（Si摩尔/ m（2）/秒）。在相似的条件下，比新鲜的玄武玻璃的稳态速率明显低。计算得出的一日解吸/溶解悬浮物通量大于Mn，Ba，Ni，Co和Cd的积分溶解溢流通量，但Si溶解食物通量大于一日解吸/溶解悬浮物通量。 （c）2005 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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