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Local and landscape effects of introduced trout on amphibians inhistorically fishless watersheds

机译：引进鳟鱼对两栖动物历史上无鱼流域的局部和景观影响

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Introduced trout have often been implicated in the decline of high-mountain amphibian populations, but few studies have attempted to understand whether fish stocking also influences the distribution and abundance of amphibians throughout entire mountain basins, including the remaining fishless lakes. We examined this relationship using the relative abundance of long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) and Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) in fish-containing and fishless lentic sites in basins with varying levels of historic fish stocking. All lentic waters were surveyed for fish and amphibians in 11 high-elevation basins in the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness, Idaho, between 1994 and 1999. We found introduced trout (Oncorhynchus clarki, O. mykiss, O. m. aguabonita) in 43 of the 101 sites, representing 90% of the total surface area of lentic water bodies available. At the scale of individual water bodies, after accounting for differences in habitat characteristics between fish-containing and fishless sites, the abundance of amphibians at all life stages was significantly lower in lakes with fish. At the basin scale, densities of overwintering life stages of amphibians were lower in the fishless sites of basins where more habitat was occupied by trout. Our results suggest that many of the remaining fishless habitats are too shallow to provide suitable breeding or overwintering sites for these amphibians and that current trout distributions may eventually result in the extirpation of amphibian populations from entire landscapes, including sites that remain in a fishless condition.
机译：引进的鳟鱼通常与高山两栖动物种群的减少有关，但是很少有研究试图了解鱼类种群是否还会影响整个山区包括两栖无鱼湖的两栖动物的分布和数量。我们使用长趾sal（Ambystoma macrodactylum）和哥伦比亚斑点蛙（Rana luteiventris）在具有不同历史鱼类种群水平的盆地中的含鱼和无鱼的小透镜部位中的相对丰度，研究了这种关系。在1994年至1999年之间，对爱达荷州弗兰克教堂-不返回荒野的11个高海拔盆地中的所有lentic水域的鱼类和两栖动物进行了调查。 ）在101个站点中的43个站点中，占可用的透镜状水体总表面积的90％。在单个水体的规模上，考虑到含鱼和无鱼地点之间栖息地特征的差异，有鱼的湖泊中两栖动物在所有生命阶段的丰度明显降低。在流域范围内，在鳟鱼占据更多栖息地的流域无鱼地区，两栖动物的越冬生活阶段密度较低。我们的结果表明，许多剩余的无鱼栖息地太浅，无法为这些两栖动物提供合适的繁殖或越冬场所，并且当前的鳟鱼分布可能最终导致整个景观中的两栖动物种群灭绝，包括仍然处于无鱼状态的场所。

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