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Historical Changes in Marine Resources, Food-web Structure and Ecosystem Functioning in the Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean

机译：地中海亚得里亚海海洋资源，食物网结构和生态系统功能的历史变化

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The Mediterranean Sea has been strongly influenced by human activities for millennia. Although the environmental history of its surrounding terrestrial ecosystems has received considerable study, historical changes in its marine realm are less known. We used a multidisciplinary approach combining paleontological, archeological, historical, fisheries, and ecological data to reconstruct past changes in marine populations, habitats, and water quality in the Adriatic Sea. Then, we constructed binary food webs for different historical periods to analyze possible changes in food-web structure and functioning over time. Our results indicate that human activities have influenced marine resource abundance since at least Roman times and accelerated in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today, 98% of traditional marine resources are depleted to less than 50% of former abundance, with large (>1m) predators and consumers being most affected. With 37% of investigated species rare and 11% extirpated, diversity has shifted towards smaller, lower trophic-level species, further aggravated by more than 40 species invasions. Species providing habitat and filter functions have been reduced by 75%, contributing to the degradation of water quality and increased eutrophication. Increased exploitation and functional extinctions have altered and simplified food-web structure over time, especially by changing the proportions of top predators, intermediate consumers, and basal species. Moreover, simulations of species losses indicate that today's ecosystems may be less robust to species extinctions than in the past. Our results illustrate the long-term and far-reaching consequences human activities can have on marine food webs and ecosystems.
机译：几千年来，地中海一直受到人类活动的强烈影响。尽管对其周围陆地生态系统的环境历史进行了大量研究，但其海洋领域的历史变化却鲜为人知。我们采用了综合了古生物学，考古，历史，渔业和生态学数据的多学科方法，以重建过去亚得里亚海海洋人口，栖息地和水质的变化。然后，我们构建了不同历史时期的二元食物网，以分析食物网结构和功能随时间的可能变化。我们的结果表明，至少从罗马时代开始，人类活动就已经影响了海洋资源的丰富度，并在19世纪和20世纪加速了。如今，98％的传统海洋资源已枯竭至不到以前丰富度的50％，大型（> 100万）捕食者和消费者受到的影响最大。由于37％的稀有物种和11％的物种已绝种，多样性已转向较小，营养级别较低的物种，超过40种物种的入侵进一步加剧了这种物种。提供栖息地和过滤功能的物种减少了75％，导致水质下降和富营养化增加。随着时间的流逝，越来越多的剥削和功能性灭绝改变并简化了食物网的结构，特别是通过改变主要捕食者，中间消费者和基础物种的比例。此外，对物种丧失的模拟表明，当今的生态系统对物种灭绝的稳定性可能不如过去。我们的结果表明，人类活动可能会对海洋食物网和生态系统产生长期和深远的影响。

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