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首页> 外文期刊>Ecological Monographs: Official Publication of the Ecological Society of America >Hawaiian ant-flower networks: Nectar-thieving ants prefer undefended native over introduced plants with floral defenses
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Hawaiian ant-flower networks: Nectar-thieving ants prefer undefended native over introduced plants with floral defenses

机译：夏威夷蚂蚁-花网：花蜜出没的蚂蚁更喜欢不设防的本地物种，而不是带有花防的引入植物

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Ants are omnipresent in most terrestrial ecosystems, and plants have responded to their dominance by evolving traits that either facilitate positive interactions with ants or reduce negative ones. Because ants are generally poor pollinators, plants often protect their floral nectar against ants. Ants were historically absent from the geographically isolated Hawaiian archipelago, which harbors one of the most endemic floras in the world. We hypothesized that native Hawaiian plants lack floral features that exclude ants and therefore would be heavily exploited by introduced, invasive ants. To test this hypothesis, ant-flower interactions involving co-occurring native and introduced plants were observed in 10 sites on three Hawaiian Islands. We quantified the residual interaction strength of each pair of ant- plant species as the deviation of the observed interaction frequency from a null-model prediction based on available nectar sugar in a local plant community and local ant activity at sugar baits. As predicted, flowers of plants that are endemic or indigenous to Hawaii were more strongly exploited by ants than flowers of co-occurring introduced plants, which shared an evolutionary history with ants. We also found that the percentage of plant species with antvisited flowers was much higher in Hawaii than in other island and continental systems, even reaching 100% in habitats dominated by endemic species. We showed experimentally that the absence of ants on flowers of most introduced and few native plants species was due to morphological barriers, repellent floral scents, and to a lesser extent, unpalatable nectar. Analysis of floral volatiles, however, revealed no consistent ant-repellent "syndrome" attributable to negative responses by ants, probably due to the high chemical variability within the floral scent bouquets. Results from a molecular phylogeny imply that floral defenses against ants were convergently lost in native Hawaiian plants. Exploitation of floral nectar by ants may be an important threat to Hawaiian ecosystems, reducing nectar resources available to native flower visitors and potentially reducing the reproductive success of the endangered endemic flora.
机译：蚂蚁在大多数陆地生态系统中无处不在，并且植物通过进化性状来响应其优势，这些性状要么促进与蚂蚁的积极互动，要么减少负面的蚂蚁。由于蚂蚁通常是不良的授粉媒介，因此植物通常会保护其花蜜免受蚂蚁侵害。从历史上讲，地理上孤立的夏威夷群岛没有蚂蚁，该群岛拥有世界上最流行的植物群之一。我们假设夏威夷本地植物缺乏排除蚂蚁的花艺特征，因此会被入侵的入侵蚂蚁大量利用。为了检验这一假设，在三个夏威夷群岛的10个地点观察到涉及共同存在的本地植物和引入植物的蚂蚁-花朵相互作用。我们将每对蚂蚁植物物种的剩余相互作用强度量化为基于基于本地植物群落中可用的花蜜糖和糖诱饵的局部蚂蚁活性而从零模型预测中观察到的相互作用频率的偏差。如所预测的那样，蚂蚁对夏威夷特有或本土的植物的花比与共同出现的引入植物的花更强烈地被蚂蚁利用，后者与蚂蚁有着共同的进化史。我们还发现，夏威夷带有花的植物物种比例比其他岛屿和大陆系统要高得多，在以特有物种为主的栖息地中甚至达到100％。我们通过实验表明，大多数引进的和很少的本地植物种类的花上都没有蚂蚁，这是由于形态学上的障碍，令人讨厌的花香和较小程度的难吃的花蜜所致。但是，对花卉挥发物的分析显示，由于蚂蚁的不良反应，没有一致的驱蚊“综合症”，这可能是由于花卉香气束中的高度化学变异性所致。分子系统发育学的结果表明，在夏威夷本土植物中，针对蚂蚁的花卉防御能力逐渐丧失。蚂蚁对花蜜的开发可能是对夏威夷生态系统的重要威胁，这会减少本地花客所能利用的花蜜资源，并有可能减少濒临灭绝的地方特有植物的繁殖成功率。

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