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Effects of nitrogen deposition on insect herbivory: Implications for community and ecosystem processes [Review]

机译：氮沉降对昆虫食草的影响：对社区和生态系统过程的影响[综述]

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The deposition of anthropogenically fixed nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere onto land and plant surfaces has strong influences on terrestrial ecosystem processes. Although recent research has expanded our understanding of how N deposition affects ecosystems directly, less attention has been directed toward the investigation of how N deposition may affect ecosystems indirectly by modifying interactions among organisms. Empirical evidence suggests that there are several mechanisms by which N deposition may affect interactions between plants and insect herbivores. The most likely mechanisms are deposition-induced shifts in the quality and availability of host plant tissues. We discuss the effects of N deposition on host plant chemistry, production, and phenology, and we review the evidence for the effects of N deposition on insect herbivores at the individual, population, and community levels. In general, N deposition has positive effects on individual insect performance, probably due to deposition-induced improvements in host plant chemistry. These improvements include increased N and decreased carbon-based defensive compound concentrations. The evidence to date suggests that N deposition may also have a positive effect on insect populations. These effects may have considerable ecological, as well as economic consequences if the rates of herbivory on economically important timber species continue to increase. Deposition-induced changes in plant-herbivore relationships may affect community and ecosystem processes. However, we predict that the larger-scale consequences of interactions between N deposition and herbivory will vary based on site-specific factors. In addition, interactions between N deposition and other global-scale changes may lead to nonadditive effects on patterns of herbivory.
机译：人为固定的氮（N）从大气中到土地和植物表面的沉积对陆地生态系统过程有很大影响。尽管最近的研究扩大了我们对N沉积如何直接影响生态系统的理解，但对研究N沉积如何通过改变生物之间的相互作用间接影响生态系统的关注却很少。经验证据表明，氮的沉积有多种机制可影响植物与昆虫食草动物之间的相互作用。最可能的机制是沉积诱导的宿主植物组织质量和可用性的转变。我们讨论了氮沉积对寄主植物化学，产量和物候的影响，并审查了在个体，种群和社区水平上氮沉积对食草动物的影响的证据。通常，氮的沉积对单个昆虫的生长有积极的影响，这可能是由于沉积诱导的宿主植物化学物质的改善。这些改进包括增加氮含量和降低碳基防御性化合物的浓度。迄今为止的证据表明，氮的沉积也可能对昆虫种群产生积极影响。如果草食性对具有重要经济意义的木材种类的比率持续增加，这些影响可能会产生相当大的生态和经济后果。沉积引起的植物-草食动物关系的变化可能会影响社区和生态系统的过程。但是，我们预测，氮沉积与食草动物之间相互作用的更大规模后果将因特定地点的因素而异。此外，氮沉降与其他全球尺度变化之间的相互作用可能导致对草食动物模式的非加性影响。

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