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Experimental manipulation of dietary lead levels in great tit nestlings: Limited effects on growth, physiology and survival

机译：大山雀雏鸟中膳食铅水平的实验控制：对生长，生理和生存的影响有限

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We manipulated dietary lead (Pb) levels of nestlings in wild populations of the great tit (Parus major L) to find out if environmentally relevant Pb levels would affect some physiological biomarkers (haematocrit [HT], fecal corticosterone metabolites [CORT], heat shock proteins [HSPs], erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity [ALAd]), growth (body mass, wing length), phenotype (plumage coloration) or survival of nestlings. The responses to three experimental manipulation (control, low and high: 0, 1 and 4 μg/g body mass/day) are compared with those in a P. major population breeding in the vicinity of a heavy metal source, a copper smelter. Our Pb supplementation was successful in raising the fecal concentrations to the levels found in polluted environments (high: 8.0 μg/g d.w.). Despite relatively high range of exposure levels we found only few effects on growth rates or physiology. The lack of blood ALAd inhibition suggests that the circulating Pb levels were generally below the toxic level despite that marked accumulation of Pb in femur (high: 27.8 μg/g d.w.) was observed. Instead, birds in the metal polluted environment around the smelter showed decreased growth rates, lower HT, higher CORT, less colorful plumage and lower survival probabilities than any of the Pb treated groups. These effects are likely related to decreased food quality/quantity for these insectivorous birds at the smelter site. In general, the responses of nestlings to metal exposure and/or associated resource limitation were not gender specific. One of the stress proteins (HSP60), however, was more strongly induced in Pb exposed males and further studies are needed to explore if this was due to higher accumulation of Pb or higher sensitivity of males. In all, our results emphasize the importance of secondary pollution effects (e.g. via food chain disruption) on reproductive output of birds.
机译：我们操纵了大山雀（Parus major L）的野生种群中雏鸟的膳食铅（Pb）水平，以找出与环境相关的铅水平是否会影响某些生理生物标志物（血红素（HT），粪便皮质酮代谢物（CORT），热休克）蛋白[HSPs]，红细胞δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶活性[ALAd]），生长（体重，机翼长度），表型（全身色素沉着）或雏鸟的存活率。将对三种实验操作（对照，低和高：0、1和4μg/ g体重/天）的响应与重金属源（铜冶炼厂附近）的主要体育种群的响应进行了比较。我们的Pb补充剂成功地将粪便浓度提高到在污染环境中发现的水平（高：8.0μg/ g d.w.）。尽管暴露水平范围相对较高，我们发现对生长速率或生理的影响很小。尽管观察到股骨中Pb的明显积累（高：27.8μg/ g d.w.），但缺乏血液中的ALAd抑制作用表明循环中的Pb水平通常低于毒性水平。取而代之的是，冶炼厂周围金属污染环境中的禽类比任何经过Pb处理的组都表现出生长速度下降，HT降低，CORT升高，彩色羽化更少和生存概率降低。这些影响很可能与冶炼厂这些食虫鸟的食品质量/数量下降有关。通常，雏鸟对金属暴露和/或相关资源限制的反应不是特定于性别的。然而，一种应力蛋白（HSP60）在暴露于Pb的雄性中被更强烈地诱导，需要进一步研究以探究这是由于Pb的较高积累还是雄性的更高敏感性所致。总而言之，我们的结果强调了次级污染影响（例如通过食物链破坏）对禽类繁殖输出的重要性。

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