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In situ effects of pesticides on amphibians in the Sierra Nevada

机译：农药对内华达山脉两栖动物的原位影响

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For more than 20 years, conservationists have agreed that amphibian populations around the world are declining. Results obtained through laboratory or mesocosm studies and measurement of contaminant concentrations in areas experiencing declines have supported a role of contaminants in these declines. The current study examines the effects of contaminant exposure to amphibians in situ in areas actually experiencing declines. Early larval Pseudacris regilla were translocated among Lassen Volcanic, Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, California, USA and caged in wetlands in 2001 and 2002 until metamorphosis. Twenty contaminants were identified in tadpoles with an average of 1.3-5.9 (maximum = 10) contaminants per animal. Sequoia National Park, which had the greatest variety and concentrations of contaminants in 2001, also had tadpoles that experienced the greatest mortality, slowest developmental rates and lowest cholinesterase activities. Yosemite and Sequoia tadpoles and metamorphs had greater genotoxicity than those in Lassen during 2001, as determined by flow cytometry. In 2001 tadpoles at Yosemite had a significantly higher rate of malformations, characterized as hemimelia (shortened femurs), than those at the other two parks but no significant differences were observed in 2002. Fewer differences in contaminant types and concentrations existed among parks during 2002 compared to 2001. In 2002 Sequoia tadpoles had higher mortality and slower developmental rates but there was no difference among parks in cholinesterase activities. Although concentrations of most contaminants were below known lethal concentrations, simultaneous exposure to multiple chemicals and other stressors may have resulted in lethal and sublethal effects.
机译：20多年来，环境保护主义者已经同意世界各地的两栖动物数量正在减少。通过实验室或中观宇宙研究以及测量下降区域的污染物浓度获得的结果支持了污染物在这些下降中的作用。当前的研究检查了污染物在实际发生下降的区域中暴露于两栖动物的影响。早期的幼虫假单胞菌regilla易位于美国加利福尼亚州的拉森火山，优胜美地和红杉国家公园之间，并于2001年和2002年关在湿地中，直到变态。在t中鉴定出20种污染物，每只动物平均有1.3-5.9（最大= 10）种污染物。红杉国家公园在2001年的污染物种类和浓度最高，其had的死亡率最高，发育速度最慢且胆碱酯酶活性最低。流式细胞仪测定，优胜美地和红杉t及其变体的遗传毒性比2001年的拉森强。 2001年，优胜美地的t畸形发生率显着高于其他两个公园，被称为血红素（股骨缩短），但2002年没有观察到显着差异。与2002年相比，公园之间污染物类型和浓度的差异较小至2001年。2002年，红杉t的死亡率较高，发育速度较慢，但​​各公园的胆碱酯酶活性没有差异。尽管大多数污染物的浓度都低于已知的致死浓度，但同时暴露于多种化学物质和其他应激源可能会导致致死和亚致死作用。

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