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Dynamic heterogeneity in life histories

机译：生活史中的动态异质性

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Longitudinal data on natural populations have been analysed using multistage models in which survival depends on reproductive stage, and individuals change stages according to a Markov chain. These models are special cases of stage-structured population models. We show that stage-structured models generate dynamic heterogeneity: life-history differences produced by stochastic stratum dynamics. We characterize dynamic heterogeneity in a range of species across taxa by properties of the Markov chain: the entropy, which describes the extent of heterogeneity, and the subdominant eigenvalue, which describes the persistence of reproductive success during the life of an individual. Trajectories of reproductive stage determine survivorship, and we analyse the variance in lifespan within and between trajectories of reproductive stage. We show how stage-structured models can be used to predict realized distributions of lifetime reproductive success. Dynamic heterogeneity contrasts with fixed heterogeneity: unobserved differences that generate variation between life histories. We show by an example that observed distributions of lifetime reproductive success are often consistent with the claim that little or no fixed heterogeneity influences this trait. We propose that dynamic heterogeneity provides a 'neutral' model for assessing the possible role of unobserved 'quality' differences between individuals. We discuss fitness for dynamic life histories, and the implications of dynamic heterogeneity for the evolution of life histories and senescence.
机译：已使用多阶段模型分析了自然种群的纵向数据，在该模型中，生存取决于生殖阶段，而个体根据马尔可夫链发生变化。这些模型是阶段结构的人口模型的特例。我们表明，阶段结构模型产生动态异质性：由随机地层动力学产生的生活史差异。我们通过马尔可夫链的特性来描述整个分类群中一系列物种的动态异质性：熵（描述异质性的程度）和主要特征值（描述个体生命中生殖成功的持久性）。生殖阶段的轨迹决定了生存率，我们分析了生殖阶段的轨迹之内和之间的寿命差异。我们展示了如何使用阶段结构模型来预测终生生殖成功的实现分布。动态异质性与固定异质性形成对比：无法观察到的差异会在生活史之间产生差异。我们通过一个例子表明，观察到的终生生殖成功的分布通常与声称很少或没有固定异质性影响该特征的主张相一致。我们提出动态异质性为评估个人之间未观察到的“质量”差异的可能作用提供了“中立”模型。我们讨论适合动态生活史，以及动态异质性对生活史和衰老进化的影响。

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