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首页> 外文期刊>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group >Influence of anthropogenic land-use change on hillslope erosion in the Waipaoa River Basin, New Zealand
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Influence of anthropogenic land-use change on hillslope erosion in the Waipaoa River Basin, New Zealand

机译:人为的土地利用变化对新西兰怀波阿河流域坡面侵蚀的影响

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摘要

European settlement of the Poverty Bay Region resulted in deforestation and conversion of > 90% of the landscape to pastureland. The resulting loss of vegetation triggered a rapid increase in hillslope erosion as widespread landslide complexes and gully systems developed on weak lithologic units in the Waipaoa Basin. To quantify the rate and volume of historic hillslope degradation, we used a 1956-2010 sequence of aerial photographs for a similar to 16 km(2) catchment to map temporal changes in the spatial extent of active landslides. Then we created a 'turf index' based on the extent and style of pastoral ground disruption, which correlates with downslope velocity. Based on the movement of trees and other features, we assigned average velocities to the turf classes as follows: (1) minimal disrupted ground: 0.6 m/yr, (2) a mix of disrupted ground and intact blocks: 3.4 m/yr, and (3) no intact blocks or vegetation: > 6 m/yr. We then calculated the average annual sediment flux using these turf-derived velocities, the width of the landslide-channel intersection, and an average toe depth of 4.4 +/- 1.3 m (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) from 37 field measurements. The resulting catchment averaged erosion rates are (mean +/- SD): 29.9 +/- 12.9 mm/yr (1956), 28.8 +/- 13.7 mm/yr (1969), 13.4 +/- 4.9 mm/yr (1979), 17.0 +/- 6.2 mm/yr (1988), and 9.9 +/- 3.6 mm/yr (2010). Compared with long-term (post-18 ka) erosion rates (1.6 mm/yr) and the long-term uplift rate (similar to 1 mm/yr) for this site, the 50-year anthropogenically-driven rate is an order of magnitude larger (similar to 20 mm/yr). Previously, we measured an increase in erosion over the past 3.4 kyr (2.2 mm/yr), and here, we demonstrate this increase could be primarily due to human land-use change - showing that a century of rapid erosion superimposed on the background geologic rate can profoundly skew the interpretation of erosion rates. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
机译:欧洲对贫困湾地区的定居导致森林砍伐,并将超过90%的景观转换为牧场。由于Waipaoa盆地的弱岩性单元上出现了广泛的滑坡复合体和沟渠系统,因此植被的丧失引发了坡地侵蚀的迅速增加。为了量化历史性山坡退化的速度和数量,我们使用了1956-2010年一系列类似于16 km(2)流域的航拍照片来绘制活动滑坡的空间变化的时间变化图。然后,我们根据牧区地面破坏的程度和样式创建了一个“草皮指数”,该指数与下坡速度相关。根据树木的运动和其他特征,我们将草皮类别的平均速度分配如下:(1)最小破坏地面:0.6 m / yr,(2)破坏地面和完整块的混合:3.4 m / yr, (3)没有完整的块或植被:> 6 m / yr。然后,我们使用这些源自草皮的速度,滑坡-通道相交处的宽度以及来自37个油田的平均趾深为4.4 +/- 1.3 m(平均+/-标准偏差[SD]),计算了年平均沉积物通量测量。所得到的流域平均侵蚀速率为(平均值+/- SD):29.9 +/- 12.9毫米/年(1956),28.8 +/- 13.7毫米/年(1969),13.4 +/- 4.9毫米/年(1979) ,17.0 +/- 6.2毫米/年(1988)和9.9 +/- 3.6毫米/年(2010)。与该地点的长期(18 ka后)侵蚀速率(1.6毫米/年)和长期抬升速率(约1毫米/年)相比,人为驱动的50年速率约为幅度更大(类似于20毫米/年)。以前,我们测量了过去3.4千米(2.2毫米/年)的侵蚀量增加,在这里,我们证明了这种增加可能主要是由于人类土地用途的变化-表明背景地质上叠加了一个世纪的快速侵蚀腐蚀速率会严重影响对腐蚀速率的解释。版权所有(C)2016 John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.

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