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首页> 外文期刊>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group >Thresholds, mode switching, and emergent equilibrium in geomorphic systems
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Thresholds, mode switching, and emergent equilibrium in geomorphic systems

机译：地貌系统中的阈值，模式切换和紧急平衡

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摘要

Landform and landscape evolution may be convergent, whereby initial differences and irregularities are (on average) reduced and smoothed, or divergent, with increasing variation and irregularity. Convergent and divergent evolution are directly related to dynamical (in)stability. Unstable interactions among geomorphic system components tend to dominate in earlier stages of development, while stable limits often become dominant in later stages. This results in mode switching, from unstable, divergent to stable, convergent development. Divergent-to-convergent mode switches emerge from a common structure in many geomorphic systems: mutually reinforcing or competitive interrelationships among system components, and negative self-effects limiting individual components. When the interactions between components are dominant, divergent evolution occurs. As threshold limits to divergent development are approached, self-limiting effects become more important, triggering a switch to convergence. The mode shift is an emergent phenomenon, arising from basic principles of threshold modulation and gradient selection. As an example, the relationships among flow concentration, erosive force, and channel incision in fluvial systems are examined in the context of mode switching and thresholds. The commonly observed divergence in channel growth and fluvial dissection and network development, eventually transitioning to a stable, convergent configuration, is an emergent outcome of gradient selection and threshold modification, and does not imply any goal functions of balancing mass fluxes or limiting change.
机译：地貌和景观演化可能会趋于收敛，由此，平均差异和不规则性会随着变化和不规则性的增加而平均降低和平滑或发散。趋同和趋异演化与动态（不稳定性）直接相关。地貌系统各组成部分之间不稳定的相互作用往往在开发的早期阶段占主导地位，而稳定的限制通常在后期阶段占主导地位。这导致从不稳定的，发散的到稳定的，收敛的发展的模式切换。从发散模式到收敛模式的切换是从许多地貌系统的共同结构中产生的：系统组件之间的相互增强或竞争性相互关系，以及限制单个组件的负面自效应。当组成部分之间的相互作用占主导时，就会发生发散的演变。随着接近差异发展的极限，自我限制效应变得越来越重要，从而引发了向融合的转变。模式转换是一种新兴现象，由阈值调制和梯度选择的基本原理引起。例如，在模式切换和阈值的背景下，检查了河流系统中流量集中度，侵蚀力和通道切口之间的关系。通道增长，河流解剖和网络发展中通常观察到的分歧，最终过渡为稳定的收敛构型，是梯度选择和阈值修改的新兴结果，并不意味着平衡质量通量或限制变化的任何目标功能。

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