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首页> 外文期刊>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group >Flooding and geomorphic impacts in a mountain torrent: raise beck, central lake district, england
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Flooding and geomorphic impacts in a mountain torrent: raise beck, central lake district, england

机译：洪流和地貌影响：英格兰贝克湖，贝克湖，中央湖区

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摘要

Raise Beck is a mountain torrent located in the central Lake District fells, northern England (drainage area of 1·27 km~2). The torrent shows evidence of several major flood events, the most recent of which was in January 1995. This event caused a major channel avulsion at the fan apex diverting the main flood flow to the south, blocking the A591 trunk road and causing local flooding. The meteorological conditions associated with this event are described using local rainfall records and climatic data. Records show 164 mm of rainfall in the 24 hours preceding the flood. The peak flood discharge is reconstructed using palaeohydrological and rainfall-runoff methods, which provide discharge values of 27-74 m~3 s~(-1), and 4-6 m~3 s~(-1), respectively. The flood transported boulders with b-axes up to 1400 mm. These results raise some important general questions about flood estimation in steep mountain catchments. The geomorphological impact of the event is evaluated by comparing aerial photographs from before and after the flood, along with direct field observations. Over the historical timescale the impact and occurrence of flooding is investigated using lichenometry, long-term rainfall data, and documentary records. Two major historical floods events are identified in the middle of the nineteenth century. The deposits of the recent and historical flood events dominate the sedimentological evidence of flooding at Raise Beck, therefore the catchment is sensitive to high magnitude, low frequency events. Following the 1995 flood much of the lower catchment was channelized using rip-rap bank protection, re-establishing flow north towards Thirlmere. The likely success of this management strategy in containing future floods is considered, based on an analysis of channel capacities. It is concluded that the channelization scheme is only a short-term solution, which would fail to contain the discharge of an event equivalent to the January 1995 flood.
机译：Raise Beck是位于英格兰北部湖区中部丘陵的山洪（流域1·27 km〜2）。洪流显示出几起重大洪水事件的证据，最近一次是在1995年1月。该事件导致风扇顶点的主要河道撕裂，使主要洪水向南转移，阻塞了A591主干道，并造成了局部洪水。使用当地的降雨记录和气候数据来描述与该事件有关的气象条件。记录显示，洪水发生前24小时降雨量为164 mm。利用古水文和降雨径流方法重建洪峰流量，分别提供27-74 m〜3 s〜（-1）和4-6 m〜3 s〜（-1）的流量。洪水运送了B轴达1400毫米的巨石。这些结果提出了一些有关陡峭山区流域洪水估算的重要的一般性问题。通过比较洪水前后的航拍照片以及直接的实地观察，评估了事件的地貌影响。在历史时期内，使用地衣法，长期降雨数据和文献记录来调查洪水的影响和发生。在19世纪中叶，发生了两次重大的历史性洪水事件。最近和历史洪水事件的沉积物是Raise Beck洪水的沉积学证据，因此该流域对高强度，低频事件敏感。 1995年洪水发生后，大部分下游流域使用翻录银行保护措施进行了渠化，重新建立了向瑟尔米尔的北向水流。根据对通道容量的分析，考虑了该管理策略在遏制未来洪水中可能取得的成功。结论是，信道化方案只是一个短期解决方案，它将无法遏制与1995年1月洪水相同的事件的发生。

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